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Topic Review
Marginal Zone Precursor-Like in Diseases
Marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are innate-like, and possess a polyreactive B-cell receptor (BCR) and several pattern recognition receptors (PRR). They are known to generate low-affinity first-line antibody responses against invading pathogens such as encapsulated bacteria.
  • 727
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Regulating and Function of miR-424-5p in Cancers
MiR-424-5p has been widely identified as a tumor suppressor gene that functions in many types of human cancer. It is processed from the 5′ end arm of the miR-424 precursor, is located on human chromosome Xq26.3 and is clustered with miR-15/miR-16. MiR-424 is a member of the miR-16 family.
  • 727
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
SUMOylation in Skeletal Development and Disease
The modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. Emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system.
  • 727
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Contact Sites in Autophagy
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are formed by stable association between regions of the limiting membrane of two or more organelles, which are physically tethered together and exert specific functions. MCSs are very dynamic; they can rapidly assemble and disassemble, according to their function, and the gap between the adjacent membranes is highly variable. The term autophagy entails all those transport pathways that deliver intracellular components to vacuoles/lysosomes for turnover. Three main autophagic processes have been described: (1) macroautophagy, which is characterized by the sequestration of the cargoes by double-membrane autophagosomes that fuse with vacuoles or lysosomes; (2) microautophagy, which involves the direct engulfment of the cargo by the endosomes or vacuoles/lysosomes; and (3) chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), in which single polypeptides with a specific recognition sequence are recognized by HSP70 and translocated into the mammalian lysosomes via a channel formed by LAMP2A.
  • 727
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PTP1B
The tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) acts as a key negative regulator of insulin receptor, and a plethora of studies confirmed that uncontrolled activity of this enzyme is one of the main causes that lead to IR (insulin resistance). According to this hypothesis, it has been demonstrated that the overexpression of PTP1B promotes IR in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain.
  • 726
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Generating Osteoclasts from Human Femoral Heads
Proper formation of the skeleton during development is crucial for the mobility of humans and the maintenance of essential organs. The production of bone is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. An imbalance of these cells can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density, which leads to fractures. The data demonstrated that isolated cells can be differentiated into functional osteoclasts, as indicated by the 92% and 83% of cells that stained positive for TRAP and Cathepsin K, respectively. Furthermore, isolated cells remain viable and terminally differentiate into osteoclasts when stimulated with RANKL. These data demonstrate that cells isolated from human femoral heads can be differentiated into osteoclasts to study bone disorders during development and adulthood.
  • 726
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Transfer RNAs Present in Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cargo-containing structures with a lipid bilayer but do not have the cellular machinery required to replicate. They have been shown to play a role in cell-to-cell communication, as they can be found to transport biological material including proteins, lipids, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) between cells, leading to cellular changes within multi-cellular organisms. It is a process that has been conserved through evolution, found both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • 726
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs as Emerging Targets
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are non-protein coding molecules longer than 200 nucleotides. They play essential roles in normal cell function and development, and can contribute to diseases such as cancer when dysregulated. Although lncRNAs have oncogenic or tumor-suppressive properties in lung cancer and can serve as stable biomarkers, this is still an understudied field. 
  • 726
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Basic Biology of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive as well as the most dangerous form of breast cancer. Due to the lack of biomarkers that can be targeted by specific molecular therapeutics, treatment is usually limited to chemotherapy and surgery where applicable. 
  • 724
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Structure and Architecture of BRCT Domains
The human BRCT domain was first resolved from the crystal structure of the N-terminal BRCT of the X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), determined by X-ray crystallography to a 3.2 Å resolution. Its tertiary structure features a central core of four-stranded parallel β-sheet (β1, β2, β3, and β4) flanked by two α-helices (α1 and α3) on the C-terminal end, a single α-helix (α2) on the N-terminal end, and two surface loops connecting β1 with α1 and α2 with β3 (the overall structure being β1-α1-β2-β3-α2-β4-α3). BRCT domains have been identified in a wide group of living organisms (from bacteria, parasites to mammals) and viruses. As mentioned above, those domains take part in a variety of important cell processes including DDR and cell cycle control. In addition, a few of these protein modules have been shown to be involved in pathologies such as cancer or infectious diseases including leishmaniasis. Therefore, significant efforts have been made towards finding compounds able to specifically inhibit the functions of these protein domains.
  • 723
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage–Neuroglia Interactions in Neuronal Regeneration
The human nervous system exhibits limited regenerative capabilities following damage to the central nervous system (CNS), leading to a scarcity of effective treatments for nerve function recovery. In contrast, zebrafish demonstrate remarkable regenerative abilities, making them an ideal model for studying the modulation of inflammatory processes after injury.
  • 722
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Biogenesis of Exosomes
Exosomes, ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter, emerge as crucial biological nano-scale lipid bilayer vesicles. These vesicles are secreted by various cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and several cancer cells.
  • 722
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
CircRNA Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Development
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of non-coding RNA generated by pre-mRNA back splicing, which is characterized by a closed-loop structure. The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in animals, which constitutes 30~–50% of the body mass. Skeletal muscle plays an important role in locomotion and metabolism. Therefore, proper muscle growth and homeostasis are the critical determinants of human motor performance. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue, and their expression levels are regulated during muscle development and aging. 
  • 720
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Sensory Innervation in Corneal Epithelial Renewal
Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide.
  • 720
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis (Ca2+/Mn2+)
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Being part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it resides at the intersection of the exocytic and endocytic pathways, and works mainly in post-translational modifications and sorting of lipids and proteins. One unique characteristic of the Golgi is the multilayer stack that divides the Golgi membrane system into several sub-compartments known as cis-, medial, and trans-Golgi, each of which contains a set of glycosylation enzymes that sequentially remove or add various sugar monomers to proteins as they pass through the Golgi. To fulfill its function, the Golgi structure is highly dynamic, while Golgi structure and function are tightly regulated. Similarly, the microenvironment of each sub-compartment is also under strict regulation in response to intracellular environmental changes.
  • 718
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CAF partners with Endometrial Tumor-Cells
A tumor cell carrying characteristic genomic alteration(s) exists within its host’s microenvironment. The tempero-spatial interaction of tumor cells with its microenvironment is the deterministic factor for tumor growth, progression, resistance to therapy, and its outcome in clinics. This manuscript presents a systemic review of the role of CAF in endometrial cancers. Here we present the functional characteristics of CAF in the context of endometrial cancers. We review (1) the characteristics of CAF, (2) their evolution from being anti-tumor to pro-tumor, (3) their involvement in regulating growth and several metastasis-associated phenotypes of tumor cells, (4) their participation in perturbing immune defense and evading immune surveillance, and (5) their role in mediating drug resistance via tumor-CAF cross-talk with particular reference to endometrial cancers. We interrogate the functional characteristics of CAF in the light of its dialogue with tumor cells and other components of TME towards developing a CAF-based strategy for precision therapy to supplement tumor-based therapy. The purpose of the review is to present a new vision and initiate a thought process which recognizes the importance of CAF in a tumor, thereby resulting in a novel approach to the design and management of the disease in endometrial cancers.
  • 718
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Efferent Duct Multicilia in Male Fertility
Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles on the cell surface. Cilia have been implicated in various biological processes ranging from mechanosensation to fluid movement. Ciliary dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases, known as ciliopathies.
  • 717
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma-Specific Strategies of Vascularization
Angiogenesis has long been implicated as a crucial process in Glioblastoma (GBM) growth and progression. GBM can adopt several strategies to build up its abundant and aberrant vasculature. Targeting GBM angiogenesis has gained more and more attention in anti-cancer therapy, and many strategies have been developed to interfere with this hallmark.
  • 717
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drosophila Rab39 Attenuates Lysosomal Degradation
Lysosomal degradation, the common destination of autophagy and endocytosis, is one of the most important elements of eukaryotic metabolism. The small GTPases Rab39A and B are potential new effectors of this pathway, as their malfunction is implicated in severe human diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.
  • 717
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Progenitor Cells
Vascular progenitor cells are activated to repair and form a neointima following vascular damage such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, trauma, hypoxia, primary cancerous lesions and metastases as well as catheter interventions. They play a key role not only in the resolution of the vascular lesion but also in the adult neovascularization and angiogenesis sprouting (i.e., the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing ones), often associated with carcinogenesis, favoring the formation of metastases, survival and progression of tumors.
  • 717
  • 06 Apr 2023
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