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Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Lung Development and Lung Cancer
Sex hormones (SHs) and their receptors (SHRs) play a crucial role in human sexual dimorphism and have been traditionally associated with hormone-dependent cancers like breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. Research has broadened the understanding by revealing connections with other types of cancers, such as lung cancer (LC), where the androgen receptor (AR) plays a significant role. 
  • 898
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
STAT6
Inflammation is the main driver of tumor initiation and progression in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Recent findings have indicated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays a fundamental role in the early stages of CAC, and STAT6 knockout (STAT6−/−) mice are highly resistant to CAC development. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a major role in coordinating immunomodulation in cancer; however, the role of STAT6 in the induction and function of Treg cells is poorly understood. To clarify the contribution of STAT6 to CAC, STAT6−/− and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to an AOM/DSS regimen, and the frequency of peripheral and local Treg cells was determined during the progression of CAC. When STAT6 was lacking, a remarkable reduction in tumor growth was observed, which was associated with decreased inflammation and an increased number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. STAT6 has a direct role in the induction and function of Treg cells during CAC development.  
  • 897
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ferrocifen Loaded Lipid Nanocapsules
Resistance of cancer cells to current chemotherapeutic drugs has obliged the scientific community to seek innovative compounds. Ferrocifens, lipophilic organometallic compounds composed of a tamoxifen scaffold covalently bound to a ferrocene moiety, have shown very interesting antiproliferative, cytotoxic and immunologic effects. The formation of ferrocenyl quinone methide plays a crucial role in the multifaceted activity of ferrocifens. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), meanwhile, are nanoparticles obtained by a free organic solvent process. LNCs consist of an oily core surrounded by amphiphilic surfactants and are perfectly adapted to encapsulate these hydrophobic compounds. The different in vitro and in vivo experiments performed with this ferrocifen-loaded nanocarrier have revealed promising results in several multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines such as glioblastoma, breast cancer and metastatic melanoma, alone or in combination with other therapies. 
  • 897
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of Dickkopf-3 in Tumor Stromal Cells
Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) is a member of the Dickkopf family protein of secreted Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) antagonists that appears to modulate regulators of the host microenvironment. In contrast to the clear anti-tumorigenic effects of Dkk-3-based gene therapies, the role of endogenous Dkk-3 in cancer is context-dependent, with elevated expression associated with tumor promotion and suppression in different settings. The receptors and effectors that mediate the diverse effects of Dkk-3 have not been characterized in detail, contributing to an ongoing mystery of its mechanism of action. 
  • 897
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Perioperative Systemic Treatment for MIBC
Perioperative systemic treatment is important to improve MIBC prognosis. Current international guidelines recommend cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by RC in patients with MIBC; adjuvant chemotherapy is also an option for select patients. Recently, owing to the success of immunotherapy in treating metastatic disease, a perioperative immunotherapy-based treatment strategy for MIBC is being extensively investigated.
  • 895
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoints in Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer (EC) occurs when cancer cells proliferate in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. This disease primarily occurs in post-menopausal women and often shows symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge or severe pelvic pain. Due to poor outcome with conventional therapy, novel treatment options such as immune checkpoint inhibitors are urgently needed for advanced/ recurrent disease EC. 
  • 895
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cripto in scientific literature
Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways.
  • 894
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hyperglycemia and endometrial cancer risk
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and its incidence is increasing. Epidemiological evidence shows a strong association between endometrial cancer and obesity, and multiple mechanisms linking obesity and cancer progression have been described. However, it remains unclear which factors are the main drivers of endometrial cancer development. Hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common co-morbidities of obesity, and there is evidence that hyperglycemia is a risk factor for endometrial cancer independent of obesity. This review will discuss studies that have investigated the links between hyperglycemia and endometrial cancer risk.
  • 894
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Follicular Carcinoma
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common cancer of the thyroid gland, accounting for up to 20% of all primary malignant tumors in iodine-replete areas. The diagnostic work-up, staging, risk stratification, management, and follow-up strategies in patients who have FTC are modeled after those of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), even though FTC is more aggressive. FTC has a greater propensity for haematogenous metastasis than PTC. Furthermore, FTC is a phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous disease. The diagnosis and identification of markers of an aggressive FTC depend on the expertise and thoroughness of pathologists during histopathological analysis. 
  • 894
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Orofacial Cancers
Orofacial cancers result in facial deformities and impairment of vital functions and are often lethal. These aggressive solid tumors exhibit great heterogeneity between them and show distinct and exclusive molecular alterations that deregulate the function of important signaling pathways. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in the initiation and development of orofacial cancers. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch molecules may have a dual function in cancer, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Crosstalk between Notch and other signaling pathways provides a critical multidirectional control in these cancers. Protein phosphorylation is activated in cancers and therefore novel drugs inhibiting phosphorylation events (kinase inhibitors) are increasingly used in the treatment of cancers. Another pharmacological strategy is the selective targeting of Notch signaling in order to eliminate the cancer stem cells using monoclonal antibodies against specific regions of the Notch molecules. Organoids, “organ-on-a-chip” devices and single-cell genomic analyses could be used for further investigations and preclinical studies in orofacial cancers. Organoids can be used to study complex interactions between the various cells lines in orofacial cancers, as well as for the preclinical screening of novel drugs. Microfluidic culture systems, also called “organs-on-chips”, can be used to model cancer cell behavior within orofacial tissues and their environment. These chips also enable to vary drug delivery and composition in a controlled manner in order to study cancer tissue responses to various pharmaceutical anticancer products. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses allow exploring the genetic and functional heterogeneity of orofacial cancers at a cellular resolution, thus revealing new insights into tumor composition and drug resistance. These important technological developments and the innovative therapeutic strategies demonstrate significant promise and generate enthusiasm and optimism within the oncology community.
  • 893
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Precision Medicine for Cancer
The diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer is becoming more accurate and specialized with the advent of precision medicine techniques, research and treatments. Reaching down to the cellular and even sub-cellular level, diagnostic tests can pinpoint specific, individual information from each patient, and guide providers to a more accurate plan of treatment. With this advanced knowledge, researchers and providers can better gauge the effectiveness of drugs, radiation, and other therapies, which is bound to lead to a more accurate, if not more positive, prognosis. As precision medicine becomes more established, new techniques, equipment, materials and testing methods will be required. Herein, we will examine the recent innovations in assays, devices and software, along with next generation sequencing in genomics diagnostics which are in use or are being developed for personalized medicine. So as to avoid duplication and produce the fullest possible benefit, all involved must be strongly encouraged to collaborate, across national borders, public and private sectors, science, medicine and academia alike. In this paper we will offer recommendations for tools, research and development, along with ideas for implementation. We plan to begin with discussion of the lessons learned to date, and the current research on pharmacogenomics. Given the steady stream of advances in imaging mass spectrometry and nanoLC-MS/MS, and use of genomic, proteomic and metabolomics biomarkers to distinguish healthy tissue from diseased cells, there is great potential to utilize pharmacogenomics to tailor a drug or drugs to a particular cohort of patients. Such efforts very well may bring increased hope for small groups of non-responders and those who have demonstrated adverse reactions to current treatments.
  • 893
  • 15 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) represents a treatment option for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. As shown in several studies, alloHCT is highly effective, but it is hampered by a high toxicity, mainly related to the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a complex immunological reaction ascribable to the donor’s immune system. The morbidity and mortality associated with GVHD can weaken the benefits of this procedure. On the other side, the high therapeutic potential of alloHCT is also related to the donor’s immune system, through immunological activity known as the graft-versus-myeloma effect.
  • 893
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Microenvironment
Despite progress in clinical research and therapy, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of one of the most frequent liver cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The hallmark of Immunotherapy as a novel treatment approach represent effective and promising option against several types of cancers including HCC which has led to encouraging results in terms of both safety and efficacy. This entry demonstrates and highlights the importance of tumor microenvironment as a predictive and prognostic marker and its clinical implications in immunotherapy response.
  • 893
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Tumor Suppressor TAp73
The tumor suppressor TAp73 is a member of the p53 family, which is inhibited in many human solid and hematological tumors. In contrast to those in the p53 gene, mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors, suggesting that the decrease in TAp73 activity and expression detected in those tumors are caused mainly by coordinated post-translational modifications of TAp73.
  • 893
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PD-L1 Expression in Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy
PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy (anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy) has achieved unprecedented clinical efficacy for patients with various types and stages of cancers. PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues has clearly shown the predictive value in many types of cancers, as patient responses to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy are linearly associated with increased levels of PD-L1 expression in many types of cancers. However, positive PD-L1 expression can only partially predict which patients benefit from therapy, as a subset of patients whose tumors lack expression of PD-L1 has also been shown to respond positively to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
  • 893
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Tumor Markers in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by silent progression and late-stage diagnosis. It is critical to detect and accurately diagnose the disease early to improve survival rates. Tumor markers have emerged as valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of OC, offering non-invasive and cost-effective options for screening, monitoring, and prognosis.
  • 892
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Brain-Gut Axis
The brain-gut axis represents a complex bi-directional system comprising multiple interconnections between the neuroendocrine pathways, the autonomous nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a multifactorial etiology. 
  • 891
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Nanotechnology, Global Trends
Nanomaterials are perhaps the most important scientific advancement in the last decade and have revolutionized many segments of society and technology including computers and electronics, engineering, military applications, and many others. There is no more important application benefitting human health than nanomedicine, indeed cancer nanotechnology seeks tfo apply nanoparticles and nanoconstructs to improve cancer detection, diagnosis, imaging, and therapy while reducing toxicity associated with traditional cancer therapy. A great deal of information in this important new cancer nanotechnology emerging sub-discipline has been published.
  • 891
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Surgical Strategies for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Resection
Among primary liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common. Surgical resection and liver transplantation both represent potentially curative treatments not only in the case of the first occurrence, but also in those cases of disease recurrence if a proper selection of patients is performed ahead. Incidentally, the type and the time of relapse carry important weight on patient prognosis and overall survival. For these cases, proper management has still not been exactly defined.
  • 891
  • 11 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung cancer are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage—mainly stage III—consisting of a widely heterogeneous group of patients presenting significant differences in terms of tumor volume, local diffusion, and lymph nodal involvement. Stage III NSCLC therapy is based on the pivotal role of multimodal treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and a wide-ranging option of systemic treatments.
  • 890
  • 24 Mar 2023
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