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Topic Review
Application of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) in IoT Sensors
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) combines various sensors and the internet to form an expanded network, realizing the interconnection between human beings and machines anytime and anywhere. Nevertheless, the problem of energy supply limits the large-scale implementation of IoT. Fortunately, thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which can directly convert thermal gradient into electricity, have attracted extensive attention in the field of IoT due to their unique benefits, such as small size, long maintenance cycle, high stability, and no noise. Therefore, it is vital to integrate the significantly advanced research on TEGs into IoT. The authors first outlined the basic principle of the thermoelectricity effect and summarized the common preparation methods for thermoelectric functional parts in TEGs. Then, the application of TEG-powered sensors in the human body was wearable and implantable medical electronic devices. It is followed by a discussion on the application of scene sensors for IoTs, for example, building energy management and airliners. Finally, researchers provided a further outlook on the current challenges and opportunities.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Buildings Using Green Pyramid Rating System
Green construction management is an approach that aims to promote sustainable solutions in building design and construction. This research proposes a collaborative framework that utilizes automated and semi-automated simulations, third-party certification assessment through the Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS), and Building Information Modeling (BIM) analysis tools to facilitate decision-making and improve sustainability aspects throughout the project lifecycle. The framework provides a structured approach for implementing green construction management practices, incorporating the GPRS to ensure sustainable solutions are advocated, interrogated, and refined.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Traditional African Medicine
Traditional African medicine is a range of traditional medicine disciplines involving indigenous herbalism and African spirituality, typically including diviners, midwives, and herbalists. Practitioners of traditional African medicine claim to be able to cure a variety of diverse conditions including cancer, psychiatric disorders, high blood pressure, cholera, most venereal diseases, epilepsy, asthma, eczema, fever, anxiety, depression, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, gout, and healing of wounds and burns and even Ebola. Diagnosis is reached through spiritual means and a treatment is prescribed, usually consisting of a herbal remedy that is considered to have not only healing abilities but also symbolic and spiritual significance. Traditional African medicine, with its belief that illness is not derived from chance occurrences, but through spiritual or social imbalance, differs greatly from modern scientific medicine, which is technically and analytically based. In the 21st century, modern pharmaceuticals and medical procedures remain inaccessible to large numbers of African people due to their relatively high cost and concentration of health facilities in urban centres. Traditional medicine was the dominant medical system for millions of people in Africa prior the arrival of the Europeans, who introduced western-based medicine, which was a noticeable turning point in the history of this tradition and culture. Herbal medicines in Africa are generally not adequately researched, and are weakly regulated. There is a lack of the detailed documentation of the traditional knowledge, which is generally transferred orally. Serious adverse effects can result from mis-identification or misuse of healing plants. The geographical reach of this article is Sub-Saharan Africa. Though, of course neighbouring medical traditions influenced traditional African medicine.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fc-Engineered Antibodies
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has rapidly changed the field of cancer therapy. In 1997, the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab was the first mAb to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of cancer. Within two decades, dozens of mAbs entered the clinic for treatment of several hematological cancers and solid tumors, and numerous more are under clinical investigation. The success of mAbs as cancer therapeutics lies in their ability to induce various cytotoxic machineries against specific targets. These cytotoxic machineries include antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which are all mediated via the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of mAbs. In this review article we will outline the novel approaches of engineering these Fc domains of mAbs to enhance their Fc-effector function and thereby their anti-tumor potency, with specific focus to summarize their (pre-) clinical status for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), and multiple myeloma (MM).
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Application of Natural Language Processing in Stock Forecasting
The invention of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has provided a solution to develop computational models that enable the machine to understand human languages and automatically solve practical problems. Therefore, the application of NLP is becoming an important tool to reveal the investor behavioral information to explain the market variability and improve the stock prediction performance.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Illegal Taxicab Operation
Illegal taxicabs, sometimes known as pirate taxis or gypsy cabs, are taxicabs and other for-hire vehicles that are not duly licensed or permitted by the jurisdiction in which they operate. Most major cities worldwide require taxicabs to be licensed, safety-inspected, insured as for-hire vehicles and use taximeters and there may also be requirements that the taxi driver be registered or accredited. However, many unlicensed cabs are in operation. Illegal cabs may be marked taxi vehicles (sometimes referred to as "speedy cabs"), and others are personal vehicles used by an individual to offer unauthorized taxi-like services. Illegal cabs are prevalent in cities with medallion systems, which restrict the number of legal cabs in operation. Since their introduction in 2009, vehicles affiliated with the transportation network company, Uber, have been classified as illegal taxicabs in some jurisdictions.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electricity Meter
thumb|North American domestic analogue electricity meter. thumb|Electricity meter with transparent plastic case (Israel) thumb|North American domestic electronic electricity meter An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Biography
Ash Carter
Ashton Baldwin Carter (born September 24, 1954) is an American politician, physicist and former Harvard University professor of Science and International Affairs who served as the 25th United States Secretary of Defense from February 2015 to January 2017. He was nominated by President Barack Obama in December 2014 and confirmed in February 2015 by the Senate to replace Chuck Hagel as Secretary o
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Autodidacts
This is a list of notable autodidacts which includes people who have been partially or wholly self-taught.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review Video Peer Reviewed
The Impact of AI Technologies on E-Business
The outbreak of COVID-19 has entirely changed how consumers behave, due to an over-reliance on online shopping. With the global pandemic demanding people to stay home, multiple companies had to find innovative strategies to remain competitive and adapt to these rapid changes. However, the pandemic has also propelled the development of technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI). AI concerns the engineering of machines and programs to make them intelligent, make decisions on their own or provide humans with information that will aid them in the decision-making process. Artificial intelligence software can be programmed according to an organization’s needs and performance goals. Although AI offers e-businesses multiple advantages, in order to differentiate themselves from their competitors, it is still a relatively new technology. A lack of understanding of its implementation will hinder organizations from reaping the full benefits of this technology. Moreover, multiple disputes regarding AI’s ethicality and privacy concerns have led to further research focused on making these systems more reliable and ethical. 
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Large Language Models and Logical Reasoning
In deep learning, large language models are typically trained on data from a corpus as representative of current knowledge. However, natural language is not an ideal form for the reliable communication of concepts. Instead, formal logical statements are preferable since they are subject to verifiability, reliability, and applicability. Another reason for this preference is that natural language is not designed for an efficient and reliable flow of information and knowledge, but is instead designed as an evolutionary adaptation as formed from a prior set of natural constraints. As a formally structured language, logical statements are also more interpretable. They may be informally constructed in the form of a natural language statement, but a formalized logical statement is expected to follow a stricter set of rules, such as with the use of symbols for representing the logic-based operators that connect multiple simple statements and form verifiable propositions.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Haemophilus influenzae HP1 Bacteriophage
Haemophilus influenzae is an obligate commensal of the upper respiratory tract in humans and may be responsible for upper respiratory tract infections and even meningitis. Seven biologically active H. influenzae dsDNA phages have been currently described: HP1, HP2, HP3, S2A, S2B, S2C, N3 and Mu-like phage φflu. The most studied is the group of HP1/S2 phages. The temperate H. influenzae phage HP1 belongs to the Myoviridae family of phages and infects Rd strains of H. influenzae. HP1 has a head-tail structure. Its genome is about 32 kb long and encodes 41 potential proteins. Early promoters, which control the lysis-versus-lysogeny decision seem to be located toward the 5’ end of the genome. The late promoter is located between orf16 and orf17, and regulates the expression of late genes, including the lys and hol genes, encoding a SAR-endolysin and a pinholin. Endolysin alone is responsible for cell lysis. The control of endolysin activity seems to be related to conformational changes in holin structure. HP1 phages encodes Dam methyltransferase, which role in HP1 life cycle remains unknown.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Drosophila Glue is a Promising Model for Bioadhesion
Before entering metamorphosis, the larvae of Drosophila flies expel a transparent glue from their mouth, which solidifies in contact with air within seconds and fixes the animal to a substrate (wood, leaves, fruits, stones, etc.) for several days until the adult emerges. This glue displays interesting adhesive properties, as it can adhere to various substrates with strengths similar to strongly adhesive commercial tapes. 
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Biography
Thomas Eugene Everhart
Thomas Eugene Everhart FREng (born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri)[1] is an American educator and physicist. His area of expertise is the physics of electron beams. Together with Richard F. M. Thornley he designed the Everhart-Thornley detector. These detectors are still in use in scanning electron microscopes, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956. E
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tetrahydrofuran Biodegradation
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is widely used as a precursor for polymer syntheses and a versatile solvent in industries. THF is an environmental hazard and carcinogenic to humans. We characterized the THF degradation potential of a number of THF-degrading bacteria reported before and a new isolated filamentous fungus Pseudallescheria boydii ZM01. Two different microbial THF degradation pathways have been proposed here. In addition, The initial key metabolic intermediate 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran was detected and identified by gas chromatography (GC) analyses for the first time during the THF degradation process.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Parenteral Nutrition and Sepsis
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is recommended in malnourished patients or those at risk of malnutrition in some conditions—such as gut functional unavailability or gut physical inaccessibility. The lipids are sepsis risk factors in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. 
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diplodocid
Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae ("double beams"), are a group of sauropod dinosaurs. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the Earth, including Diplodocus and Supersaurus, some of which may have reached lengths of up to 34 metres (112 ft).
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Denormal Number
In computer science, subnormal numbers are the subset of denormalized numbers (sometimes called denormals) that fill the underflow gap around zero in floating-point arithmetic. Any non-zero number with magnitude smaller than the smallest normal number is subnormal. In a normal floating-point value, there are no leading zeros in the significand or mantissa; rather, leading zeros are removed by adjusting the exponent (for example, the number 0.0123 would be written as 1.23 × 10−2). Conversely, a denormalized floating point value has a significand with a leading digit of zero. Of these, the subnormal numbers represent values which if normalized would have exponents below the smallest representable exponent (the exponent having a limited range). The significand (or mantissa) of an IEEE floating-point number is the part of a floating-point number that represents the significant digits. For a positive normalised number it can be represented as m0.m1m2m3...mp−2mp−1 (where m represents a significant digit, and p is the precision) with non-zero m0. Notice that for a binary radix, the leading binary digit is always 1. In a subnormal number, since the exponent is the least that it can be, zero is the leading significant digit (0.m1m2m3...mp−2mp−1), allowing the representation of numbers closer to zero than the smallest normal number. A floating-point number may be recognized as subnormal whenever its exponent is the least value possible. By filling the underflow gap like this, significant digits are lost, but not as abruptly as when using the flush to zero on underflow approach (discarding all significant digits when underflow is reached). Hence the production of a subnormal number is sometimes called gradual underflow because it allows a calculation to lose precision slowly when the result is small. In IEEE 754-2008, denormal numbers are renamed subnormal numbers and are supported in both binary and decimal formats. In binary interchange formats, subnormal numbers are encoded with a biased exponent of 0, but are interpreted with the value of the smallest allowed exponent, which is one greater (i.e., as if it were encoded as a 1). In decimal interchange formats they require no special encoding because the format supports unnormalized numbers directly. Mathematically speaking, the normalized floating-point numbers of a given sign are roughly logarithmically spaced, and as such any finite-sized normal float cannot include zero. The subnormal floats are a linearly spaced set of values, which span the gap between the negative and positive normal floats.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PET-Based Criteria for Response Assessment in Lymphoma
Criteria for response assessment in lymphoma have deeply evolved in the last decade, assigning an outstanding role to FDG-PET/CT. This path starts from the first lymphoma specific CT-based criteria and leads towards the PET-based Lugano Classification, that, nowadays, represents the gold standard. LYRIC (Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria) criteria, the recent refinement of the Lugano Classification, were conceived to capture new patterns of response (delayed response and pseudoprogression) observed during treatment with novel immunotherapy agents that have entered the clinic.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Apricot Rootstocks with Potential in Hungary
The use of rootstocks and scions has changed, along with their systems of cultivation. Associated with climate change, fruit trees face new ecological and phytopathological challenges. Rootstocks affect the generative and vegetative performance of a scion, such as productivity, span of nonbearing period, growth vigor, shelf-life and quality of fruits. Several traits of rootstocks facilitate the growth of a grafted tree under different climatic and soil conditions. Due to the high risks of cultivation, it is extremely important to determine which rootstocks are suitable for successful apricot production. 
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Jul 2023
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