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Topic Review
Genomic Safe Harbors in Dry-Preservable Cultured Cells
Genomic safe harbors (GSHs) provide ideal integration sites for generating transgenic organisms and cells and can be of great benefit in advancing the basic and applied biology of a particular species.
  • 395
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 394
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows
The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. 
  • 393
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biopotential of Underutilized Rosaceae Inflorescences
This work aims to assess the biopotential of the young inflorescence tissues of Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles in order to evaluate the possibility of their application in the food industry, and to provide a polyphenolic fingerprint for their quality control. The contents of different bioactive compounds and their antioxidant capacities were spectrophotometrically measured, the main phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using LC-DAD-MS, the antidiabetic potential was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, the anti-inflammatory potential was determined using a 5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay, and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Using one-way ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the relations between the samples, and between the samples and the measured parameters, were revealed. In total, 77 compounds were identified. The concentration of sugars was low in M. purpurea, at 1.56 ± 0.08 mg/g DW. The most effective sample in the inhibition of antidiabetic enzymes and anti-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase was C. japonica. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was strongly positively correlated with the total and condensed tannins, procyanidin dimers and procyanidin tetramer, and was very strongly correlated with chlorogenic acid. In α-amylase inhibition, C. japonica and P. serrulata ‘Kiku Shidare Zakura’ were equally efficient to the standard inhibitor, maltose. The most effective in the growth and proliferation inhibition of HepG2, HCT116 and HaCaT cells was P. avium. The results suggest Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles inflorescences as functional food ingredients.
  • 393
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Free-Roaming Dogs Management
Free-roaming dogs (FRDs) are a worldwide problem, particularly in developing countries. Dogs that are allowed to roam unsupervised cause an array of problems such as vehicle accidents, dog fights, disease transmission, attacks on wildlife, attacks on other domestic animals and humans, uncontrolled reproduction, and the contamination of public areas with fecal matter and garbage.
  • 393
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circular RNAs in Mammalian Ovaries
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) generated from exonic, intronic, or untranslated regions of protein-coding genes or intergenic regions. The diverse, stable, and specific expression patterns of circRNAs and their possible functions through cis/trans regulation and protein-coding mechanisms make circRNA a research hotspot in various biological and pathological processes. It also shows practical value as biomarkers, diagnostic indicators, and therapeutic targets. 
  • 393
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Flax Lectin Gene Expression
Plant proteins with lectin domains play an essential role in plant immunity modulation, but among a plurality of lectins recruited by plants, only a few members have been functionally characterized. The lectin gene expression in flax root tips infected with Fusarium oxysporum was analyzed. For the analysis of flax lectin gene expression, FIBexDB was used, which includes an efficient algorithm for flax gene expression analysis combining gene clustering and coexpression network analysis. Two pools of lectin genes have been revealed: downregulated and upregulated during the infection. 
  • 393
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pomacea canaliculata in China under Global Climate Change
Pomacea canaliculata is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world, which has significant effects and harm to native species, ecological environment, human health, and social economy. Climate change is one of the major causes of species range shifts. With recent climate change, the distribution of P. canaliculata has shifted northward. Understanding the potential distribution under current and future climate conditions will aid in the management of the risk of its invasion and spread.
  • 392
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on Poultry Production
High environmental temperature is one of the significant factors challenging poultry production during hot seasons or in tropical areas causing heat stress (HS). The detrimental effects of HS on broilers range from reduced growth performance to impaired poultry meat quality. HS impairs physiological responses caused by alteration in blood parameters, which could lead to impaired product quality by reducing moisture content and altering the production of antioxidant enzymes resulting in increased oxidative stress. There has been a focus on the use of nutritional supplements as a cost effective HS amelioration strategy, such as betaine and polyphenols. Supplementing broiler chicken’s diets with polyphenols aims to enhance growth performance via reduced levels of oxidative stress in tissues under HS conditions. Furthermore, using betaine as an osmolyte aims to protect tissues during osmotic stress conditions.
  • 390
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pantanal Cat
The Pantanal Cat, scientifically known as Leopardus colocola braccatus, is a captivating and elusive felid species native to the diverse ecosystems of the Pantanal region in South America. This small wild cat, a subspecies of the Colocolo, possesses a distinctive and visually striking coat pattern that aids in its camouflage within the lush landscapes of the Pantanal wetlands. The Pantanal Cat's mysterious nature and adaptation to its unique habitat make it an intriguing subject for study in the realm of wildlife biology and conservation.
  • 389
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Angolan Slender Mongoose
The Angolan Slender Mongoose (Galerella flavescens) is a small carnivorous mammal native to southern Africa, particularly Angola and Namibia. Known for its slender body, pointed snout, and golden-brown fur, this mongoose species is highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including savannas, woodlands, and scrublands. As a skilled hunter, the Angolan Slender Mongoose primarily feeds on insects, small mammals, reptiles, and birds, playing a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance in its range.    
  • 389
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Small Non-Coding RNAs in Salmonella–Host Interactions
Salmonella species infect hosts by entering phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, causing diverse disease symptoms, such as fever, gastroenteritis, and even death. Therefore, Salmonella has attracted much attention. Many factors are involved in pathogenesis, for example, the capsule, enterotoxins, Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), and corresponding regulators. These factors are all traditional proteins associated with virulence and regulation. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have also been reported to function as critical regulators. Salmonella has become a model organism for studying sRNAs. sRNAs regulate gene expression by imperfect base-pairing with targets at the post-transcriptional level. sRNAs are involved in diverse biological processes, such as virulence, substance metabolism, and adaptation to stress environments. 
  • 388
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Animal Learning and Training
There is an ethical responsibility to provide all animals living in human care with optimal and positive well-being. As animals living in zoos and aquariums frequently interact with their human caregivers as part of their daily care routines, it is both relevant and essential to consider the impact of these interactions on animal well-being. Allowing animals to have choice and control in multiple areas of their lives, such as by providing opportunities for them to voluntarily participate in their own care through, for example, positive reinforcement training, is an essential component of good animal well-being programs. 
  • 388
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crops for Bioeconomy Development
Industrial and bioenergy crops should include nonfood and nonfeed crops and generate agricultural products categorized as commodities and/or raw materials for industrial goods and bioenergy. 
  • 387
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Enrichment for Laboratory Zebrafish
Enrichment is accepted as an essential requirement for meeting the behavioural needs and improving the welfare of many laboratory animal species, but in general, provision for zebrafish is minimal.
  • 386
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Differential Climate Resilience in Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes
Improvement of crop climate resilience will require an understanding of whole-plant adaptation to specific local environments. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes adapted to local environments with different climates in Sweden and Italy exhibited different responses when grown under common cool temperature. A proportionally greater emphasis on maintenance of photosynthetic activity in the Swedish ecotype contrasted with a greater emphasis on downregulation of light-harvesting and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in the Italian ecotype under these conditions. The Swedish ecotype thus pushes forward at full speed with productivity under low temperature, whereas the Italian ecotype stays safe from harm while letting productivity decline when temperatures are transiently cold. Either strategy offer directions for the development of climate-resilient crops for specific locations of cultivation.
  • 386
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Data in Plant Hormesis Research
High-throughput analyses increase the chances to elucidate physiological processes and ecological interactions of plants from the broadened perspective of systems biology. The generation of big data sets from the simultaneous analysis of an extensive collection of biomolecules corresponding to a definite category (genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites) has led to the so-called omics approach, which is the primary tool of systems biology. Furthermore, a multi-omics approach makes it possible to obtain a more detailed snapshot of a plant system by simultaneously analyzing its whole genome, proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome. Moreover, the multi-omics approach applied to single-cell functional analyses can simplify data processing and modeling to accurately depict many biological processes in plants.
  • 386
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Geoffroy's Cat
Geoffroy's Cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) is a small wild cat species native to South America, ranging from southern Bolivia and Brazil to central Argentina. Recognized for its distinctive coat pattern, characterized by spots and stripes, Geoffroy's Cat inhabits various habitats, including grasslands, scrublands, and forests. Despite its relatively small size, this elusive feline is an adept hunter, preying on a variety of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects.
  • 386
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities in the Embryo of Maize Landraces
Locally adapted maize accessions (landraces) represent an untapped resource of nutritional and resistance traits for breeding, including the shaping of distinct microbiota.
  • 386
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bacteroides-Based Microecologics against Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a self-limiting disease mediated by antibiotic therapy. In clinical practice, several types of probiotics are used in treating AAD, but minimal research has been done on Bacteroides-based microecologics.
  • 385
  • 08 Dec 2021
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