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Topic Review
Crystal Mush
A crystal mush is a magmatic body which contains a significant amount of crystals (up to 50% of the volume) suspended in the liquid phase (melt). As the crystal fraction makes up less than half of the volume, there is no rigid large-scale three-dimensional network as in solids. As such, their rheological behavior mirrors that of absolute liquids. Within a single crystal mush, there is grading to a higher solid fraction towards the margins of the pluton while the liquid fraction increases towards the uppermost portions, forming a liquid lens at the top. Furthermore, depending on depth of placement crystal mushes are likely to contain a larger portion of crystals at greater depth in the crust than at shallower depth, as melting occurs from the adiabatic decompression of the magma as it rises, this is particularly the case for mid-oceanic ridges. Seismic investigation offers strong evidence for the existence of crystal mushes rather than fully liquid magmatic bodies. Crystal mushes can have a wide range of chemical and mineralogical compositions, from mafic (SiO2-poor, MgO-rich) to felsic (SiO2-rich, MgO-poor).
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Concepts of Rural Tourism and Farm Tourism
The analysis of environmental, social, and economic factors as vectors for the sustainable development of farm tourism is introduced.
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  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydraulic Empire
A hydraulic empire (also known as a hydraulic despotism, or water monopoly empire) is a social or government structure which maintains power and control through exclusive control over access to water. It arises through the need for flood control and irrigation, which requires central coordination and a specialized bureaucracy. Often associated with these terms and concepts is the notion of a water dynasty. This body is a political structure which is commonly characterized by a system of hierarchy and control often based on class or caste. Power, both over resources (food, water, energy) and a means of enforcement such as the military, is vital for the maintenance of control.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Activity of Silver
The problem of antimicrobial resistance is increasingly present and requires the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Although the healing features of silver have been recognized since ancient times, silver has not been used due to newly discovered antibiotics. Thanks to technology development, a significant step forward has been made in silver nanoparticles research. Nowadays, silver nanoparticles are a frequent target of researchers to find new and better drugs. Namely, there is a need for silver nanoparticles as alternative antibacterial nanobiotics. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), depending on their size and shape, also have different antimicrobial activity. In addition to their apparent antibacterial activity, AgNPs can serve as drug delivery systems and have anti-thrombogenic, anti-platelet, and anti-hypertensive properties. Today they are increasingly used in clinical medicine and dental medicine. This paper presents silver antimicrobial activity and its use in dentistry, cardiology, and dermatology, where it has an extensive range of effects
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  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Dam Siting
Dam siting is the study of site selection, a branch of decision making, which has the characteristics of multidisciplinary integration, involving decision making, and coordination, geographic information science, computer science, etc. Siting decisions are constantly iterated and updated as the discipline evolves, and the dam siting process will inevitably face more challenges.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CWMFC
CWMFC is a novel technology that has been used for almost a decade for concurrent wastewater treatment and electricity generation in varying scopes of domestic, municipal, and industrial applications since its implementation in 2012. Its advantage of low-cost enhanced wastewater treatment and sustainable bioelectricity generation has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of this novel technology is inclined by several operating factors and configuration strands, such as pH, sewage composition, organic loading, electrode material, filter media, electrogens, hydraulic retention time, and macrophytes. Here, we investigate the effect of the wetland plant component on the overall performance of CWMFCs. The macrophyte’s involvement in the oxygen input, nutrient uptake, and direct degradation of pollutants for the required treatment effect and bioelectricity production are discussed in more detail. The review identifies and compares planted and unplanted CWMFC with their efficiency on COD removal and electricity generation based on previous and recent studies.
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  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nano Skin Care Formulations
The term “cosmeceutical” was first mentioned in 1984 by Dr. Albert Kligman (University of Pennsylvania), who used it to describe a new category of products that could be classified as more than just cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. According to Dr. Kligman, a cosmeceutical is “a topical preparation that is sold as a cosmetic but has performance characteristics suggestive of a pharmaceutical effect” and therefore might have a pharmaceutical therapeutic effect, but not essentially a biological therapeutic benefit. Since the discovery of the anti-ageing effects of tretinoin, the use of alpha hydroxy acids as exfoliants and for skin rejuvenation, and the use of vitamin C in topical formulations as an antioxidant, the market for cosmeceuticals has grown exponentially and has taken over the personal care industry. Since the term “cosmeceutical” is not yet well established, it is often used in the cosmetic industry to emphasise the specific mechanism of action of the ingredients included in modern skin care formulations. Despite the confusion about their definition and scope, about 40% of dermatologist prescriptions around the world are cosmeceuticals. Nowadays, the use of nanotechnology to improve the efficacy of APIS is a great success.
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  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
IoT-Based Technologies for Smart Home Automation
IoT-based technologies for home automation are now available for every home. There are ones that can be applied using the existing wired infrastructure (powerline cables or Ethernet), connecting sensors, controllers, and other devices, while others are using wireless technologies.
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  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Production of Refractory Materials with Silicon Dioxide
Organization of environmentally-friendly production of refractory materials based on the principles of cost-effective use of energy and material resources through use of energy-saving technologies and replacement of natural raw materials with industrial and agricultural waste is gaining relevance. Scientists are increasingly interested in creating high-temperature materials using silica of plant origin. Its source is rice husk, a multi-tonnage waste from rice production. Organo-mineral in its nature, rice husk determines the uniqueness of the structure and properties of the materials obtained from it. Use of this waste allows to produce porous, high-strength silicon carbide refractories with properties corresponding to classical analogs, while benefiting from environmental, economic and technological aspects.
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  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Improvement of Wheat for Drought Tolerance
Wheat production and productivity are challenged by recurrent droughts associated with climate change globally. Drought and heat stress resilient cultivars can alleviate yield loss in marginal production agro-ecologies. The ability of some crop genotypes to thrive and yield in drought conditions is attributable to the inherent genetic variation and environmental adaptation, presenting opportunities to develop drought-tolerant varieties. Understanding the underlying genetic, physiological, biochemical, and environmental mechanisms and their interactions is key critical opportunity for drought tolerance improvement.
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  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review Video
Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharide structures that could be used for theranostic applications in personalized medicine. These compounds have been widely utilized not only for enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability but also for controlled and targeted delivery of small molecules. These compounds can be complexed with various biomolecules, such as peptides or proteins, via host-guest interactions. CDs are amphiphilic compounds with water-hating holes and water-absorbing surfaces. Architectures of CDs allow the drawing and preparation of CD-based polymers (CDbPs) with optimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. These polymers can be cloaked with protein corona consisting of adsorbed plasma or extracellular proteins to improve nanoparticle biodistribution and half-life. Besides, CDs have become famous in applications ranging from biomedicine to environmental sciences.
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PH-Sensitive Cubosome Liquid Crystalline Nanocarriers
Cubosomes are soft biocontinuous nanoparticles whose 3D geometry can be engineered to render the structures responsive to pH variations, which is of large interest to the production of efficient drug delivery materials. We have reviewed the literature to provide a state of the art in this regard and shed lights on prominent perspectives and strategies for pH-sensitive cubosomes development, taking advantage of the pH changes of the biological media at targeted application sites.
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  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
X Chromosome
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the Y chromosome). The sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell.
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  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
WASF3
WASF3 (WAVE3), a Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family member, appears to play a major role not only in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics but also in cancer cell invasion/metastasis. Blocking the WASF3-dependent metastatic signaling network remains an attractive and promising therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced tumors. 
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  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Bulbous Plants Drimia
Drimia (synonym Urginea) plants are bulbous plants belonging to the family Asparagaceae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae) and are distinctive, powerful medicinal plants. Just some species are indigenous to South Africa and have been traditionally utilized for centuries to cure various diseases and/or ailments. They have been recognized among the most famous and used medicinal plants in South Africa. Traditionally, the plants are used for various illnesses such as dropsy, respiratory disease, bone and joint complications, skin disorders, epilepsy and cancer. A number of studies have reported biological properties such as antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. Their bulbs are a popular treatment for colds, measles, pneumonia, coughs, fever and headaches. 
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  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Buddhism in Buryatia
Buddhism in Buryatia—a regional form of Buddhism.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Plaçage
Plaçage was a recognized extralegal system in French and Spanish slave colonies of North America (including the Caribbean) by which ethnic European men entered into civil unions with non-Europeans of African, Native American and mixed-race descent. The term comes from the French placer meaning "to place with". The women were not legally recognized as wives but were known as placées; their relationships were recognized among the free people of color as mariages de la main gauche or left-handed marriages. They became institutionalized with contracts or negotiations that settled property on the woman and her children and, in some cases, gave them freedom if they were enslaved. The system flourished throughout the French and Spanish colonial periods, reaching its zenith during the latter, between 1769 and 1803. It was widely practiced in New Orleans, where planter society had created enough wealth to support the system. It also took place in the Latin-influenced cities of Natchez and Biloxi, Mississippi; Mobile, Alabama; St. Augustine and Pensacola, Florida; as well as Saint-Domingue (now the Republic of Haiti). Plaçage became associated with New Orleans as part of its cosmopolitan society. In recent years, at least three historians (viz. Kenneth Aslakson, Emily Clark, and Carol Schlueter) have challenged the historicity of plaçage and have referred to many of its features, including quadroon balls, as "a myth".
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  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Symbol
In chemistry, a symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. Symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised. Earlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, Pb is the symbol for lead (plumbum in Latin); Hg is the symbol for mercury (hydrargyrum in Greek); and He is the symbol for helium (a new Latin name) because helium was not known in ancient Roman times. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for tungsten (Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times. A 3-letter temporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not-yet synthesized) element. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium (element 108) which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on its atomic number being 8 greater than 100. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used. In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization, or oxidation state, or other atomic detail. A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol. Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions: In Chinese, each chemical element has a dedicated character, usually created for the purpose (see Chemical elements in East Asian languages). However, Latin symbols are also used, especially in formulas. Many functional groups also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group. A list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its signification. Also given is each element's atomic number, atomic weight, or the atomic mass of the most stable isotope, group and period numbers on the periodic table, and etymology of the symbol. Hazard pictographs are another type of symbols used in chemistry.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method
With the continuous aging of society, the demand among elderly citizens for care facilities is increasing. The accessibility of elderly care facilities is a significant indicator for evaluating whether the layout of urban elderly care facilities is reasonable, and research on the spatial accessibility of related facilities has become an important academic issue.
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  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Oil Physical Transport and Weathering Processes
Several oil spill simulation models exist in the literature, which are used worldwide to simulate the evolution of an oil slick created from marine traffic, petroleum production, or other sources. The behavior of an oil spill in the marine environment depends on a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that are largely determined by both the properties of leaked oil and the environmental, hydro-meteorological conditions (wave, winds, currents, solar radiation, etc.), and discharge characteristics (instantaneous/continuous, surface/deep-water). The fate and behavior of an oil spill can be influenced by the physico-chemical oil weathering processes: oil spreading, evaporation, emulsification, dissolution, photo-oxidation, biodegradation, and sedimentation, and the physical transport processes, like transport and turbulent mixing, dispersion, and resurfacing.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Jan 2023
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