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HandWiki. Plaçage. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37597 (accessed on 26 September 2026).
HandWiki. Plaçage. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37597. Accessed September 26, 2026.
HandWiki. "Plaçage" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37597 (accessed September 26, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, December 01). Plaçage. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37597
HandWiki. "Plaçage." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2022.
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Plaçage was a recognized extralegal system in French and Spanish slave colonies of North America (including the Caribbean) by which ethnic European men entered into civil unions with non-Europeans of African, Native American and mixed-race descent. The term comes from the French placer meaning "to place with". The women were not legally recognized as wives but were known as placées; their relationships were recognized among the free people of color as mariages de la main gauche or left-handed marriages. They became institutionalized with contracts or negotiations that settled property on the woman and her children and, in some cases, gave them freedom if they were enslaved. The system flourished throughout the French and Spanish colonial periods, reaching its zenith during the latter, between 1769 and 1803. It was widely practiced in New Orleans, where planter society had created enough wealth to support the system. It also took place in the Latin-influenced cities of Natchez and Biloxi, Mississippi; Mobile, Alabama; St. Augustine and Pensacola, Florida; as well as Saint-Domingue (now the Republic of Haiti). Plaçage became associated with New Orleans as part of its cosmopolitan society. In recent years, at least three historians (viz. Kenneth Aslakson, Emily Clark, and Carol Schlueter) have challenged the historicity of plaçage and have referred to many of its features, including quadroon balls, as "a myth".
extralegal
historicity
free people of color
References
- Katy F. Morlas, "La Madame et la Mademoiselle," graduate thesis in history, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2003
- Trevor Burnard, John Garrigus: The Plantation Machine: Atlantic Capitalism in French Saint-Domingue https://books.google.se/books?id=FNM7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=saint+domingue+white+women&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmrPTO54DjAhURAxAIHSpjDLIQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=saint%20domingue%20white%20women&f=false
- Joan M. Martin, Placage and the Louisiana Gens de Couleur Libre, in Creole, edited by Sybil Kein, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 2000.
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", in Race Consciousness, edited by Judith Jackson Fossett and Jeffrey A. Tucker, New York University Press, 1997.
- United States Congress (1834). "Transactions in the Floridas". American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton. https://books.google.com/books?id=MhVFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA868.
- Clinton, Catherine; Gillespie, Michele (1997). The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-19-802721-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=37q5j7Ix-fkC&pg=PA239. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- Mills, Elizabeth Shown. "Marie Thérèse Coincoin (1742–1816): Slave, Slave Owner, and Paradox", Chapter 1 in Janet Allred and Judy Gentry, ed., Louisiana Women: Their Lives and Times (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2009), chap. 1, pages 10-29 https://books.google.com/books?id=R4KXWIdbqToC&pg=PA15&dq=Coincoin&hl=en&ei=7HJkTfu1JcrcgQfr29SJBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Coincoin&f=false
- Mills, Gary B. The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
- Mills, Elizabeth Shown. "Which Marie Louise is 'Mariotte'? Sorting Slaves with Common Names." National Genealogical Society Quarterly 94 (September 2006): 183–204; archived online at Historic Pathways. http://www.HistoricPathways.com
- Violet Harrington Bryan, "Marcus Christian's Treatment of Les Gens de Couleur Libre", in Creole, edited by Sybil Kein, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 2000.
- Caryn Cosse Bell, "The Real Marie Laveau", review of Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau, by Martha Ward, University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 2004.
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", 68-9
- Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, Matt D. Childs, James Sidbury: The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx0F6zZUfwC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=redoutes+des+filles+de+couleur+saint+domingue&source=bl&ots=NhDck48HCS&sig=MqL4IUUKqWS5Oa7DwwusI4w6suM&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA6Z618LHVAhUSalAKHdYMCT0Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=redoutes%20des%20filles%20de%20couleur%20saint%20domingue&f=false
- Trevor Burnard, John Garrigus: The Plantation Machine: Atlantic Capitalism in French Saint-Domingue https://books.google.com/books?id=FNM7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=saint+domingue+white+women&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiak8LRta_VAhVmQZoKHVyhDY0Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=quadroon%20balls&f=false
- Stewart R. King: Blue Coat Or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue https://books.google.com/books?id=ESy9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=juli+dahey+saint+domingue&source=bl&ots=nlcLr4Wg4y&sig=-MjhjIZwwApjYg6s_9H0cOWRfQo&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=eJ-UVIBL4qLIA9KtgdAN&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=juli%20dahey%20saint%20domingue&f=false
- Emily Clark:The Strange History of the American Quadroon https://books.google.se/books?id=Gc7gn5SHL98C&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=saint+domingue+placage&source=bl&ots=5IlCW233OL&sig=ACfU3U0w1_UXikNZDZ6QkpVev1F3M2uENQ&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupZO5juniAhXwlosKHf_IAXQQ6AEwDnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=saint%20domingue%20placage&f=false
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", 80
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", 81
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", 82
- Monique Guillory, "Under One Roof: The Sins and Sanctity of the New Orleans Quadroon Balls", 83
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