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Topic Review
Myocardial Perfusion Study with CZT Gamma Cameras
Myocardial perfusion study has a well-established position in the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. According to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in patients with an uncertain diagnosis of this disease, myocardial perfusion study is one of the recommended diagnostic methods. Moreover, this study has a prognostic value and helps in choosing the optimal therapeutic method. CZT (cadmium-zinc-telluride) gamma cameras form a new generation of imaging devices in nuclear medicine.They outperform standard Anger (A)  cameras in basic  imaging parameters, like sensitivity in detection of gamma rays and spacial resolution.
  • 501
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy and Radiomics
Radiotherapy (RT) represents one of the most effective anticancer agents, which can be used either alone or in combination with other strategies (surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is currently used mainly in locally advanced rectal cancer and sarcoma and in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer and esophageal cancer, whereas in other diseases it is under investigation. Neoadjuvant strategy, specifically, represents a type of induction therapy usually given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, usually surgery, is given. In this setting, radiotherapy can be used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Radiomics in the field of neoadjuvant Radiotherapy can help in the choice of the best subsequent and tailored treatment strategy.
  • 498
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart is decreased. It is a manifestation of CHD (coronary heart disease) which usually results in plaque disruption in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) and the formation of thrombus. In some cases, ACS may be due to vasospasm with or without underlying atherosclerosis, but in both cases it determines a reduction in blood flow to a part of the heart, resulting first in ischemia and then infarction.
  • 498
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and the leading cause of death. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures that are widely used in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of breast cancer. Because of the propensity of malignancies to limit diffusion, DWI can improve MRI diagnostic specificity. Diffusion tensor imaging gives additional information about diffusion directionality and anisotropy over traditional DWI. Recent findings showed that DWI and DTI and their characteristics may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis, followed by better treatment. Overall, with the development of instruments and novel MRI modalities, it may be possible to diagnose breast cancer more effectively in the early stages.
  • 497
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Radiotherapy (RT) is used worldwide as a gold standard treatment approach for cancer management. The RT treatment modality contains limitations along with numerous side effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique properties that can be utilized in the field of cancer treatment. Therefore, the combination of NPs with RT opens a new arena in cancer treatment. Their synergistic effect strengthens ionizing radiation sensitivity and allows for tumor-selective treatment while reducing side effects.
  • 497
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
PET/MRI in Axillary Staging
Axillary surgery in breast cancer (BC) is no longer a therapeutic procedure but has become a purely staging procedure. The progressive improvement in imaging techniques has paved the way to the hypothesis that prognostic information on nodal status deriving from surgery could be obtained with an accurate diagnostic exam. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is a relatively new imaging tool and its role in breast cancer patients is still under investigation.
  • 493
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Radiomics in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. Multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) has gained popularity as a noninvasive imaging technique for detection of clinically significant PCa and biopsy guidance. mpMRI may overcome many of the shortcomings of the combination of PSA and TRUS alone, achieving accurate tumor detection with sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 81%. The entry analyzes the current and potential radiomics applications for prostate cancer on mpMRI.
  • 493
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Angiography and Embolization Technique for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Image-guided locoregional therapies play a crucial role in the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transarterial therapies consist of a group of catheter-based treatments where embolic agents are delivered directly into the tumor via their supplying arteries. Some of the transarterial therapies available include bland embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), drug-eluting beads–transarterial chemoembolization (DEB–TACE), selective internal radioembolization therapy (SIRT), and hepatic artery infusion (HAI).
  • 491
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
3D Printed Models in Cardiovascular Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printed models are increasingly used in medical education, with promising results achieved when compared to traditional teaching methods. Studies have shown its educational value in two areas as assessed by medical students and clinicians (cardiothoracic surgeons, cardiologists, cardiac imaging specialists including radiologists and radiographers, residents or registrars, and clinical nurses).
  • 488
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor
The cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is a promising target for theranostic use in nuclear medicine, and has been in the focus of the radiopharmaceutical development over the last twenty years. The expression of this receptor at high incidence and density has been proven mainly for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Furthermore, CCK2R expression has been confirmed for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, astrocytomas and stromal ovarian cancers. In addition, CCK2R targeting might be of additive value for gastroenteropancreatic and bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, especially insulinomas, vipomas, as well as bronchial and ileal carcinoids. Most of the clinical experience with CCK2R targeting radiopharmaceuticals has been gained for patients with advanced MTC. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of CCK2R targeting is documented mainly for this patient group.
  • 487
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cost-Effective Diagnostic Algorithm for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
The increased detection of pancreatic cysts in recent years has triggered extensive diagnostic investigations to clarify their potential risk of malignancy, resulting in a large number of patients undergoing numerous imaging follow-up studies for many years. Therefore, there is a growing need for optimization of the current surveillance protocol to reduce both healthcare costs and waiting lists, while still maintaining appropriate sensibility and specificity. Imaging is an essential tool for evaluating patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) since it can assess several predictors for malignancy and thus guide further management recommendations. Although contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has been widely recommended by most international guidelines, recent results support the use of unenhanced abbreviated-MRI (A-MRI) protocols as a surveillance tool in patients with IPMN. In fact, A-MRI has shown high diagnostic performance in malignant detection, with high sensitivity and specificity as well as excellent interobserver agreement. 
  • 478
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: A Review of Imaging Modalities
Invasive lobular cancer (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer. It is characterized by a unique growth pattern making it difficult to detect on conventional breast imaging. ILC can be multicentric, multifocal, and bilateral, with a high likelihood of incomplete excision after breast-conserving surgery. This is a review of conventional imaging modalities for detecting and determining the extent of ILC. Review of the literature finds that MRI and CEM surpass conventional breast imaging in terms of sensitivity, specificity, ipsilateral and contralateral cancer detection, concordance, and estimation of tumor size for ILC. Both MRI and CEM have also each been shown to enhance surgical outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed ILC that had one of these imaging modalities added to their preoperative workup.
  • 476
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Liver Transplant with Hepatocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumor and occurs most often in the setting of chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation is a curative treatment option and is an ideal solution because it solves the chronic underlying liver disorder while removing the malignant lesion. Artificial intelligence is an emerging technology with multiple applications in medicine with a predilection for domains that work with medical imaging, like radiology. With the help of these technologies, laborious tasks can be automated, and new lesion imaging criteria can be developed based on pixel-level analysis.
  • 475
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Multifunctional Cyanine-Based Theranostic Probe
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. A cancer-targeted multifunctional probe labeled with the radionuclide has been developed to provide multi-modalities for NIR fluorescence and nuclear imaging (PET, SPECT), for photothermal therapy (PTT), and targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer.  In this entry, researchers synthetized a cancer-targeted multimodal probe (DOTA-NIR790 as shown in Figure 1) for cancer imaging and therapy by the mitochondrial potential difference between cancers and the surrounding normal tissues.
  • 472
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Radiological Diagnostic Approach and Spinal Cord Tumor
Differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic spinal cord pathologies may be challenging due to overlapping clinical and radiological features. Spinal cord tumors, which comprise only 2–4% of central nervous system tumors, are rarer than non-tumoral myelopathies of inflammatory, vascular, or infectious origins. The risk of neurological deterioration and the high rate of false negatives or misdiagnoses associated with spinal cord biopsies require a cautious approach.
  • 471
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Radiotracers in Infection Imaging
Several developments in the molecular imaging of infections target microorganism-specific metabolism and activity. By targeting substances that are presented by or released from the pathogenic microorganism or microorganism-specific metabolic pathways, more radiotracers can be developed whose localization mechanism is independent of the host immune response.
  • 465
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Protective Role of Natural Compounds under Radiation-Induced Injury
Evidence has shown the potential therapeutic effects of different natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis (RIOM). RIOM represents one of the most frequent side effects associated with anti-neoplastic treatments affecting patients’ quality of life and treatment response due to radiation therapy discontinuation. The innate radio-protective ability of natural products obtained from plants is in part due to the numerous antioxidants possessed as a part of their normal secondary metabolic processes. However, oxygen presence is a key point for radiation efficacy on cancer cells. Here, it is to describe the most recent evidence on radiation-induced injury and the emerging protective role of natural compounds in preventing and treating this specific damage without compromising treatment efficacy.
  • 465
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Repair of HSGc-C5 Carcinoma Cell Using Geant4-DNA
To evaluate the repair performance of HSGc-C5 carcinoma cell against radiation-induced DNA damage, a Geant4-DNA application for radiobiological research was extended by using newly measured experimental data acquired.
  • 464
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MR Imaging Techniques of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, characterization, treatment planning, and disease surveillance of intracranial tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the mainstay of neuroimaging and provides anatomical details, as well as cellular, vascular, and functional information for brain tumors. Imaging features, in combination with location, demographics, and clinical presentation, can help arrive at an accurate diagnosis or a narrow differential diagnosis.
  • 461
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Implications of Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Technology
The photon-counting detector (PCD) is a new computed tomography detector technology (photon-counting computed tomography, PCCT) that provides substantial benefits for cardiac and coronary artery imaging. Compared with conventional CT, PCCT has multi-energy capability, increased spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast with near-null electronic noise, reduced radiation exposure, and optimization of the use of contrast agents. This new technology promises to overcome several limitations of traditional cardiac and coronary CT angiography (CCT/CCTA) including reduction in blooming artifacts in heavy calcified coronary plaques or beam-hardening artifacts in patients with coronary stents, and a more precise assessment of the degree of stenosis and plaque characteristic thanks to its better spatial resolution. 
  • 461
  • 25 Jun 2023
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