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Topic Review
[18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET Imaging in Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders
In 1976, when [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) was introduced as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET), it revolutionized medical imaging, especially in the fields of neurology, oncology, and cardiology. Later, it also gained importance in diagnosing infectious and inflammatory disorders. [18F]FDG, as an analog of glucose, accumulates in a cell with high rates of glycolysis (such as in cancer cells and inflammatory cells) by entering the cell via glucose transporters and is then phosphorylated by hexokinase to deoxyglucose phosphate, which remains locked in this state. The high uptake of [18F]FDG by the metabolically active inflammatory cells has played a major role in the detection of inflammatory reactions in response to microorganisms such as bacteria. Hence, [18F]FDG is commonly used for detecting infectious and inflammatory disorders.
  • 857
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorders Early Diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Early diagnosis and intervention can remodel the neural structure of the brain and improve quality of life but may be inaccurate if based solely on clinical symptoms and assessment scales. Functional MRI revealed disruption of functional networks, abnormal perfusion, and neurovascular decoupling associated with core ASD symptoms. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed abnormal changes in the neuronal metabolites during different periods. Decreased diffusion tensor imaging signals along the perivascular space index reflected impaired glymphatic system function in children with ASD. Differences in age, subtype, degree of brain damage, and remodeling in children with ASD led to heterogeneity in research results.
  • 855
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Radial/Femoral Access in Coronary Angiography
In patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), the benefits associated with radial access compared with the femoral access approach remain controversial. Radial access in patients undergoing CA with or without PCI is associated with lower mortality, MACE, major bleeding and vascular complications, irrespective of clinical presentation, ACS or STEMI, compared with femoral access. 
  • 852
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Imaging of Neuroendocrine Prostatic Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that typically has a high metastatic potential and poor prognosis in comparison to the adenocarcinoma subtype. 
  • 850
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Prostate Cancer Diagnostics with 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT
Early diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer is a cornerstone for further adequate therapy planning. Therefore, clinical practice and research still focuses on diagnostic tools that can detect prostate cancer in early recurrence when it is undetectable in conventional diagnostic imaging. 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT is a novel method to evaluate patients with biochemical recurrent PCa. 
  • 843
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Role of Combined Brain/Heart Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Heart failure (HF) patients frequently develop brain deficits that lead to cognitive dysfunction (CD), which may ultimately also affect survival. There is an important interaction between brain and heart that becomes crucial for survival in patients with HF. A combined magnetic resonance imaging of brain/heart can reveal early pathophysiologic changes.
  • 842
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Radiological Aspects of Sacroiliitis
Sacroiliitis is the inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, the largest axial joint in the human body, contributing to 25% of lower back pain cases. It can be detected using various imaging techniques like radiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Treatments range from conservative methods to invasive procedures. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence offer precise detection of this condition through imaging. Treatment options range from physical therapy and medications to invasive methods like joint injections and surgery. 
  • 842
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging and Theragnostics of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 53,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed and more than 2200 people died from the disease in 2020. New developments in molecular imaging are significantly improving thyroid cancer diagnostics and therapy. Continuous research in molecular imaging techniques additionally contributes to an understanding of a variety of diseases and enables more efficient care of thyroid cancer patients. Molecular imaging-based personalized therapy has been a fascinating concept for individualized therapeutic strategy, which is able to attain the highest efficacy and reduce adverse effects in certain patients. Theragnostics, which integrates diagnostic testing to detect molecular targets for particular therapeutic modalities, is one of the key technologies that contributes to the success of personalized medicine. 
  • 841
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lymphatic Phenotype of Noonan Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome (NS) is a multisystem disorder, caused by dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Pathogenic gene variants in the Ras/MAPK pathway can therefore lead to various lymphatic diseases such as lymphedema, chylothorax and protein losing enteropathy.
  • 834
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy and Radiomics
Radiotherapy (RT) represents one of the most effective anticancer agents, which can be used either alone or in combination with other strategies (surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is currently used mainly in locally advanced rectal cancer and sarcoma and in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer and esophageal cancer, whereas in other diseases it is under investigation. Neoadjuvant strategy, specifically, represents a type of induction therapy usually given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, usually surgery, is given. In this setting, radiotherapy can be used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Radiomics in the field of neoadjuvant Radiotherapy can help in the choice of the best subsequent and tailored treatment strategy.
  • 829
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiomics in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. Multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) has gained popularity as a noninvasive imaging technique for detection of clinically significant PCa and biopsy guidance. mpMRI may overcome many of the shortcomings of the combination of PSA and TRUS alone, achieving accurate tumor detection with sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 81%. The entry analyzes the current and potential radiomics applications for prostate cancer on mpMRI.
  • 823
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
2-[18F]FDG PET/CT
PET (positron emission tomography) is a noninvasive functional imaging technique based on the detection of photons resulting from the annihilation of positrons emitted by a radioactive substance known as radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical. PET equipments usually incorporate a computed tomography scanner (PET/CT) in order to obtain hybrid functional-anatomical images. Different radiotracers are used to study different physiologic processes, such as blood flow, bone turnover or expression of certain cell receptors. The most common radiotracer used in clinical practice is 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (2-[18F]FDG), a glucose analogue binded to a radioactive isotope of fluor that informs about glucose metabolism in the body. As cancer cells have high energy requirements (and, therefore, high glucose consumption), this radiotracer is mostly used to evaluate oncologic processes (disease extension, response to treatment, etc.). However, some types of cancer have low 2-[18F]FDG uptake (e.g., well-differentiated or slow-growing neoplasms), and others can have a variable uptake due to the action of certain enzymes in the metabolic route of glucose (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma).  
  • 820
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Differential Diagnosis of Acute Pelvic Pain
In female patients, acute pelvic pain can be caused by gynaecological, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract pathologies. Due to the variety of diagnostic possibilities, the correct assessment of these patients may be challenging. The most frequent gynaecological causes of acute pelvic pain in non-pregnant women are pelvic inflammatory disease, ruptured ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and degeneration or torsion of uterine leiomyomas. On the other hand, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and placental disorders are the most frequent gynaecological entities to cause acute pelvic pain in pregnant patients.
  • 819
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart is decreased. It is a manifestation of CHD (coronary heart disease) which usually results in plaque disruption in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) and the formation of thrombus. In some cases, ACS may be due to vasospasm with or without underlying atherosclerosis, but in both cases it determines a reduction in blood flow to a part of the heart, resulting first in ischemia and then infarction.
  • 818
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
3D Printed Models in Cardiovascular Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printed models are increasingly used in medical education, with promising results achieved when compared to traditional teaching methods. Studies have shown its educational value in two areas as assessed by medical students and clinicians (cardiothoracic surgeons, cardiologists, cardiac imaging specialists including radiologists and radiographers, residents or registrars, and clinical nurses).
  • 816
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy for Prostate Cancer
There is now an increasing trend for targeting cancers to go beyond early diagnosis and actually improve Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival. Identifying patients who might benefit from a particular targeted treatment is the main focus for Precision Medicine. Radiolabeled ligands can be used as predictive biomarkers which can confirm target expression by cancers using positron emission tomography (PET). The same ligand can subsequently be labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy. This combined approach is termed “Theranostics”. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target for small molecule ligands in prostate cancer. It can be labeled with either positron emitters for PET-based imaging or beta and alpha emitters for targeted radionuclide therapy. 
  • 803
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Technology
Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an emerging technology that is expected to radically change clinical CT imaging. PCCT offers several advantages over conventional CT, which can be combined to improve and expand the diagnostic possibilities of CT angiography. 
  • 800
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Copper-Based Radiopharmaceuticals for Radioimmunotherapy
Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 h) is a positron and beta-emitting isotope, with decay characteristics suitable for both positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. Copper-67 (T1/2 = 61.8 h) is a beta and gamma emitter, appropriate for radiotherapy β-energy and with a half-life suitable for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. The chemical identities of 64Cu and 67Cu isotopes allow for convenient use of the same chelating molecules for sequential PET imaging and radiotherapy. 
  • 794
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies
Nuclear medicine uses radiopharmaceuticals, which are various molecules labeled with radioactive isotopes, for diagnosis and therapy. Evidence shows that better and more predictable outcomes can be achieved with patient-individualized dose assessment. Therefore, the incorporation of individual planning into radionuclide therapies is a high priority for nuclear medicine physicians and medical physicists alike. Internal dosimetry is used in tumor therapy to optimize the absorbed dose to the target tissue.  For a nuclear medicine therapy to be considered personalized, treatment planning is essential, including the activity chosen individually for a given patient. The first step in individual planning of radioisotope therapy is to perform a series of diagnostic images, which allows visualizing the distribution and measuring how the activity decreased in time in different organs. The next step is to perform dosimetric measurements. It provides information on the degree of uptake of an administered radiopharmaceutical in pathological tissues and critical organs. The obtained dosimetric report is the foundation for planning the maximum activity on tumors, with a safe level of irradiation of critical organs in a given patient. The last step is to obtain a series of images of the patient recorded after the administration of the therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. 
  • 786
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Fluorescence and Nuclear Imaging Agents
Nuclear imaging is a powerful tool for the non-invasive diagnosis of primary and metastatic Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-positive tumors and for the assessment of responses to antineoplastic treatment. Intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging provides improved visualization for surgeons to increase the discrimination of tumor lesions, allowing for safer surgical treatment. Many CAIX-targeted molecular imaging probes, based on monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, and small molecules, have been reported.
  • 784
  • 21 Jun 2022
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