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Topic Review
CfDNA, Sport Adaptation Predictor
Changes of circulating free plasma DNA (cfDNA) are associated with different types of tissue injury, including those induced by intensive aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Observed changes are dependent from induced inflammation, and thus it may be a potential marker for athletic overtraining. 
  • 819
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Telocytes in the Female Reproductive System
Telocytes (TCs) have been described in the ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary gland, and placenta. Their morphological features, immunophenotype, physiological functions, and roles in disease have been thoroughly documented in both animal models and human subjects. TCs, with their extremely long cytoplasmic processes called telopodes, play a pivotal role in the morphological and functional interconnection of all the components of the interstitial compartment, but also with constituents of the parenchyma.
  • 819
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stress Accelerates Tumor Progression via Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) originates in the ventral brainstem, where sympathetic premotor neurons are found. They are found predominantly in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM). These neurons project to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML, also known as the sympathetic preganglionic nucleus), which then projects to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for terminal output to peripheral organs which control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glycemia, vigilance and other physiological responses. When negative emotions are induced under chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is continuously activated and increases the release of catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine). In a spontaneous colon tumor model, ablation of sympathetic premotor neurons in APCmin/+ mice reduces the number of polyps in the mouse intestine. Sympathetic denervation also leads to decreased tumorigenesis in a spontaneous prostate tumor mouse model. These results suggest that loss of SNS function may slow tumorigenesis.
  • 819
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Mitochondria abundance and activity are fundamental elements underlying the dynamic adaptation of cells to stress conditions. The shape and number of mitochondria are tightly controlled by key biological processes, such as fusion and fission (also known as mitochondrial dynamics) and mitophagy that operate in an interconnected and dynamic way to sustain cellular health and metabolic needs.
  • 818
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Messenger RNA for Regenerative Medicine
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced in living organisms by transcription from genomic DNA, and proteins are produced based on the sequence information from mRNA.  The COVID-19 pandemic generated interest in the medicinal applications of mRNA. It is expected that mRNA will be applied, not only to vaccines, but also to regenerative medicine. The purity of mRNA is important for its medicinal applications. 
  • 818
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
NK Cells in Pregnancy
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells differ from T and B lymphocytes by the expression of preferentially CD16, CD56 markers. NK cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. The presence of tissue-resident NK cells has been observed in several species.
  • 816
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SGLT2-Inhibitors on Epicardial Adipose Tissue
Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) reduce adipose tissue and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulation of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with increased cardio-metabolic risks and obstructive coronary disease events in patients with T2D. Studies suggest that the amount of EAT is significantly reduced in T2D patients with SGLT2-i treatment.
  • 816
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
STAMP2 in Diabetes, Inflammatory Diseases and Cancers
STAMP2 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of  type II diabetes, inflammation and cancers. The six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2), a metalloreductase involved in iron and copper homeostasis, is well known for its critical role in the coordination of glucose/lipid metabolism and inflammation in metabolic tissues. STAMP2 is a critical modulator for coordinating metabolism and inflammation. Although STAMP2 has been widely studied focusing on the inhibitory role in inflammation and metabolism, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In addition to its role in metabolism and inflammation, STAMP2 is also associated with tumorigenesis. For example, STAMP2 overexpression may increase ROS, which may contribute to increased mutational rates and further progression of prostate cancer.
  • 816
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Peritumoral Pericyte during Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis as it is one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Glioblastoma (GB) cells physically interact with peritumoral pericytes (PCs) present in the brain microvasculature. These interactions facilitate tumor cells to aberrantly increase and benefit from chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in the PC. GB-induced CMA leads to major changes in PC immunomodulatory phenotypes, which, in turn, support cancer progression. 
  • 815
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Axon Initial Segment and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Brain channelopathies are a group of neurological disorders that result from genetic mutations affecting ion channels in the brain. Ion channels are specialized proteins that play a crucial role in the electrical activity of nerve cells by controlling the flow of ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. When these channels are not functioning properly, they can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms such as seizures, movement disorders, and cognitive impairment. In this context, the axon initial segment (AIS) is the site of action potential initiation in most neurons. This region is characterized by a high density of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), which are responsible for the rapid depolarization that occurs when the neuron is stimulated. The AIS is also enriched in other ion channels, such as potassium channels, that play a role in shaping the action potential waveform and determining the firing frequency of the neuron. In addition to ion channels, the AIS contains a complex cytoskeletal structure that helps to anchor the channels in place and regulate their function. 
  • 815
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Stretch Induced Skin Regeneration
Skin soft tissue expansion is one of the most basic and commonly used techniques in plastic surgery to obtain excess skin for a variety of medical uses. However, skin soft tissue expansion is faced with many problems, such as long treatment process, poor skin quality, high retraction rate, and complications. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of skin soft tissue expansion is needed. 
  • 814
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy Modulation in Cholangiocarcinoma
Autophagy is a multistep catabolic process through which misfolded, aggregated or mutated proteins and damaged organelles are internalized in membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and ultimately fused to lysosomes for degradation of sequestered components. The multistep nature of the process offers multiple regulation points prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases but also offers multiple targetable points for designing therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism to survive under extremely stressful conditions within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy.
  • 813
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Redox Network in Mammalian Cells and Selenium Compouds
Redox balance is important for the homeostasis of normal cells, but also for the proliferation, progression, and survival of cancer cells. Both oxidative and reductive stress can be harmful to cells. In contrast to oxidative stress, reductive stress and the therapeutic opportunities underlying the mechanisms of reductive stress in cancer, as well as how cancer cells respond to reductive stress, have received little attention and are not as well characterized. Therefore, there is recent interest in understanding how selective induction of reductive stress may influence therapeutic treatment and disease progression in cancer. There is also the question of how cancer cells respond to reductive stress. Selenium compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic effects against cancer and their anticancer mechanism is thought to be related to the formation of their metabolites, including hydrogen selenide (H2Se), which is a highly reactive and reducing molecule and possible can generate the reductive stress in cells. The research report on the molecular mechanism of how cells recognize and respond to oxidative and reductive stress and selenium compounds with well documented hydrogen selenide release, as compounds possibly useful in study of redox homeostasis by the selective induction of reductive stress in cells and in vivo, as well as possibly their utility in anti-cancer therapy.
  • 811
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Modulation of Mitochondrial Architecture
Mitochondrial architecture is determined by several components, which include the following: mitochondrial distribution in the cytosol, supported by interaction with the cytoskeleton; events of fission and fusion, mediated by mitochondrial dynamics proteins; mitochondrial network contact with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lipid droplets (LDs), lysosomes, and plasma membrane); and the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes.
  • 811
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Basophils in Brief
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a multifaceted role in the immune system. These enigmatic cells, constituting a mere 0.5% or less of the total white blood cell population, originate in the bone marrow and mature under the influence of various growth factors and cytokines. Traditionally known for their involvement in allergic reactions, basophils are equipped with high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) that bind to allergens. Upon allergen exposure, basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, triggering the hallmark symptoms of allergies. Beyond allergies, basophils are integral in the body's defense against parasitic infections. When they encounter parasitic antigens, they release cytokines like IL-4 and IL-13, promoting a Th2 immune response that helps eliminate parasites. Basophils also have a less explored role as regulators of the immune system, potentially influencing T cell differentiation and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Additionally, they contribute to tissue repair and wound healing by releasing factors that stimulate angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. In clinical settings, basophils serve as valuable biomarkers for allergic diseases, parasitic infections, and certain hematological disorders. Ongoing research continues to unveil the diverse functions of basophils, highlighting their importance in immunology and beyond.
  • 811
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sex-Specific Differences to Ischemic Stroke
Macroautophagy (called autophagy thereafter) is a self-catabolic process where subcellular proteins, macromolecules, and organelles are sequestered within membrane-enclosed vesicles (autophagosomes) and are degraded by fusion with lysosomes (autolysosomes). Autophagy plays a role in cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged cellular contents and redistributing the constituents for other cellular processes. During times of cell stress, such as ischemia, autophagy may become dysregulated and increase injury, or conversely may increase the ability of the cell to survive under conditions with low energy substrates. There is increasing evidence that autophagy is a sex-dependent process.
  • 810
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Vegetables on the Modulation of Platelet Function
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of deaths worldwide. Thrombotic diseases, specifically stroke and coronary heart diseases, account for around 85% of CVDs-induced deaths. Platelets (small circulating blood cells) are responsible for the prevention of excessive bleeding upon vascular injury, through blood clotting (haemostasis). However, their unnecessary activation results in thrombotic diseases. Hence, it is critical to control platelet activation under pathological conditions. Regular diet has a strong relationship with the development of CVDs, and therefore reviewing their beneficial effects on the modulation of platelet function is essential.  Here,  a few important, regularly used vegetables and demonstrate their effects on the modulation of platelet activation are listed.  
  • 810
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 810
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenol-Based Nanoparticles
Conventional therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer induce several side effects that impact the effectiveness of current therapies as well as the quality of patients’ life. Natural compounds with anticancer properties have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for various cancers including colorectal cancer. However, several natural compounds such as polyphenols are facing obstacles for their use as anticancer drugs, such as intrinsic poor solubility, plasmatic instability, ineffective cellular uptake, and biological barriers. Novel approaches in precision medicine and nanomedicine are being developed. In this context, to harness the full potential of natural compounds, researchers have explored the use of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for targeted and enhanced therapeutic efficacy as well as limited side effects. 
  • 810
  • 03 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Telomere Length and Male Fertility
Telomeres are evolutionary conserved,  multifunctional  DNA-protein complexes located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive naturally after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.  Male infertility is a complex multifactorial pathological condition with profoundly different phenotypic presentations. Lifestyle factors, genetics, and telomeres are associated with male infertility. A moderate involvement of telomere length in male infertility and SNPs to be pleiotropic and to be involved in other regulatory mechanisms independent from telomere homeostasis, but involved in the spermatogenic process.
  • 809
  • 18 May 2021
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