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Topic Review
Reactive Gliosis in Occupational Brain Injuries
An occupational injury describes any injury or illness to a worker as related to their specific work/occupational demands or requirement. It is often a life-altering event that is also considered a form of disability, which is covered under the provisions of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. Occupational injuries and toxicant exposures, particularly to the brain, can lead to the development of neuroinflammation by activating distinct mechanistic signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in the disruption of neuronal function leading to neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. The entry of toxicants into the brain causes the subsequent activation of glial cells, a response known as ‘reactive gliosis.’ Gliosis, a “reactive” state of glia, is a pathological hallmark of all types of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Advancements in the field of neuroscience, including techniques for high throughput gene expression analysis, morphometric analysis, cytokine and chemokine analysis, advances in neuroimaging and cellular microscopy, have helped identify the possible molecular and neural targets associated with occupational injury or toxicant exposure, bringing the neuroinflammation perspective into place for the implication of gliosis and subsequent progression of neural injury in conditions like TBI and neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, CJD, ALS, and MS.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency
The Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) phenotype makes these tumors sensitive to DNA double strand break-inducing agents, including poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing
Alternative splicing (AS) is a critical post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism used by more than 95% of transcribed human genes and responsible for structural transcript variation and proteome diversity.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Endolysins
Endolysins are phage-encoded enzymes utilized by mature phage virions to hydrolyze the cell wall from within. There is significant evidence that proves the ability of endolysins to degrade the peptidoglycan externally without the assistance of phage. Thus, their incorporation in therapeutic strategies has opened new options for therapeutic application against bacterial infections in the human and veterinary sectors, as well as within the agricultural and biotechnology sectors. While endolysins show promising results within the laboratory, it is important to document their resistance, safety, and immunogenicity for in-vivo application.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Hard Tissue Engineering
Hard tissues, e.g., bone, are mechanically stiff and, most typically, mineralized. To design scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration, mechanical, physico-chemical and biological cues must align with those found in the natural tissue. Combining these aspects poses challenges for material and construct design.  They can be fulfilled in top-down tissue engineering or bottom up biofabrication approaches upon employing biomaterials e.g. silk.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Alopecia
Hair loss (HL), also known as alopecia or baldness, is a common clinical disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and often causes a significant source of patient distress.
  • 2.0K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Fish by-products,Bioactive Peptide-Rich Protein Hydrolysates
The use of fish by-products is an important production opportunity for the fishing and seafood processing industries since it can possibly create additional profits while also lowering disposal costs. Benefits of utilizing secondary raw materials from fish processing are depicted in. One of the potential possibilities for greater benefit is to use these industrial wastes and low-value fish for the recovery and hydrolysis of proteins rich in bioactive peptides.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees
Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Microstructure Formation and Processing Features of Non-Alloy Steels
The properties of structural steel during processing are influenced by various structural components, including equilibrium structures, which include austenite and pearlite, as well as non-equilibrium structures like martensite, residual austenite, sorbite, and troostite. The formation of these structures is determined by factors that include temperature, alloy composition, and cooling medium.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polymer Flooding Principles and Mechanisms
Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method used to increase oil recovery from oil reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery. Although it is one of the most well-established methods of EOR, there are still continuous new developments and evaluations for this method. This is mainly attributed to the diverse polymers used, expansion of this method in terms of application, and the increase in knowledge pertaining to the topic due to the increase in laboratory testing and field applications. 
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are capable of synthesising metabolites known as exopolysaccharides (EPS) during fermentation. Traditionally, EPS plays an important role in fermented dairy products through their gelling and thickening properties, but they can also be beneficial to human health.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Macchi C.205
The Macchi C.205 Veltro (Italian: Greyhound) (also known as MC.205, "MC" standing for "Macchi Castoldi") was an Italian World War II fighter aircraft built by the Aeronautica Macchi. Along with the Reggiane Re.2005 and Fiat G.55, the Macchi C.205 was one of the three "Serie 5" Italian fighters built around the powerful Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. The C.205 was a development of the earlier C.202 Folgore. With a top speed of some 640 km/h (400 mph) and equipped with a pair of 20 mm cannon as well as 12.7 mm Breda machine guns, the Macchi C.205 Veltro was highly respected by Allied and Axis pilots alike. Widely regarded as one of the best Italian aircraft of World War II, it proved to be extremely effective, destroying a large number of Allied bombers. The Macchi C. 205 proved capable of meeting fighters such as the North American P-51D Mustang on equal terms, which encouraged the Luftwaffe to use a number of these aircraft to equip one Gruppe. While the C.205 was able to match the best Allied opponents in speed and manoeuvrability, it was introduced late in the conflict. Due to the limitations of the Italian war economy, only a small production run was delivered before the end of the war. Like the Spitfire, the Veltro was tricky in its construction and slow to build. Italy's highest scoring ace, Adriano Visconti, achieved 11 of his 26 credited victories in the few weeks he was able to fly the Veltro, with the top scoring Sergente Maggiore pilota Luigi Gorrini shooting down 14 enemy aircraft plus six damaged with the C.205.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cecropins Gene Expression
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring molecules that are utilized as an innate immune response in a variety of organisms. AMPs can be constitutively expressed, and/or their transcription may be upregulated following pathogenic infection. Cecropins (Cecs) are insect AMPs, generally active against Gram-negative bacteria and to a lesser extent, Gram-positive bacteria. Some have been demonstrated to also exhibit an antifungal activity as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Cecs function by associating their N- and C-terminal helices to the cellular membrane. Polar residues interact with the lipid phosphates while the non-polar residues burrow into the membrane. At high concentrations, Cecs form carpet-like structures with detergent-like properties that result in cell death. At low concentrations, Cecs organize into oligomers that form pores through the cellular phospholipid layer, resulting in an electrolyte imbalance that causes cell death. 
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Secretory Trichomes of Tillandsia cyanea
The bromeliad Tillandsia cyanea Linden ex K. Koch, with its vibrant pink inflorescences, is a well-known ornamental plant all over the world. This epiphytic bromeliad possesses complex trichomes (peltate trichomes) that are capable of producing and exuding a polysaccharide-based secretion (mucilage) with high affinity for water. This observation indicates that T. cyanea - and probably many other bromeliads - might have more intricate strategies to cope with water availability than previously thought.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Histone H1 post-translational modifications
Protein molecules can be further modified after translation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are responsible for most of the proteome diversity and often modulate critical protein functions in health and disease. Histone H1 is a chromatin structural protein, which contains many PTMs that may alter chromatin structure and function. In this entry, we present a summary of the post-translational modifications (PTMs) identified, up to date, in histone H1 from lower eukaryotes to humans. We also highlight the use of different proteomic strategies, as well as the technical challenges involved in mapping H1 PTMs.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Immunogenic Cell Death
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of death, which has the hallmarks of necroptosis and apoptosis, and is best characterized in malignant diseases.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Anti-NLRP3 Inflammasome Natural Compounds
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that recognizes various danger or stress signals from pathogens, the host, and the environment, leading to activation of caspase-1 and inducing inflammatory responses. This pro-inflammatory protein complex plays critical roles in pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, intensive efforts have been devoted to understanding its activation mechanisms and to searching for its specific inhibitors. Approximately forty natural compounds with anti-NLRP3 inflammasome properties have been identified.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
PbS Quantum Dots
Quantum dots are very interesting materials for different opto-electronic applications.  Among the different quantum dots available, semiconductor quantum dots of PbS became very popular and are extensively studied. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of the superlattice formation process induced via self-assembly of PbS quantum dots as probed by the Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering techniques (GISAXS/GIWAXS).
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Solar Energy Systems into Seawater Desalination
Solar energy, amongst all renewable energies, has attracted inexhaustible attention all over the world as a supplier of sustainable energy. The energy requirement of major seawater desalination processes such as multistage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) are fulfilled by burning fossil fuels, which impact the environment significantly due to the emission of greenhouse gases. The integration of solar energy systems into seawater desalination processes is an attractive and alternative solution to fossil fuels. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Characterizing Protein S-Glutathionylation
Protein S-glutathionylation (SSG) is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) featuring the conjugation of glutathione to a protein cysteine thiol. SSG can alter protein structure, activity, subcellular localization, and interaction with small molecules and other proteins. Thus, it plays a critical role in redox signaling and regulation in various physiological activities and pathological events. Many approaches have been developed for the detection of SSG, including direct detection, selective reduction and tagging approaches, and chemoselective probe-based approaches. Utilization of these methods in profiling the SSG proteome had been reported in various biological systems. 
  • 2.0K
  • 07 Dec 2022
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