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Topic Review
Vomeronasal System in Mammals
The vomeronasal system (VNS) or accessory olfactory system is specialized in detecting chemical signals, primarily pheromones, kairomones, and molecules from the major histocompatibility complex.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Leaf area index
Leaf area index (LAI) is an important vegetation parameter.This work provides a introduction of LiDAR technology and the LAI estimation with LiDAR, LAI validation studies, and factors affecting the LAI estimation.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Conformationally Constrained Peptides
Constrained Peptides are peptides whose conformation is restricted to the one that the ligand assumes upon target binding (or to a subset of structures occupied by a flexible parent peptide). This is typically achieved by macrocyclization of the peptide chain. Structure regidification is highly advantageous with regard to attaining increased affinity and can also affect proteolytic stability.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Oil Price and CO2 Emission in GCC Countries
Oil prices, economic growth and rapidly increasing urbanization could have a long-lasting impact on the environment in oil-abundant Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Moreover, the rising oil price has a positive impact on CO2 emissions and shows a scale effect in Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Lastly, urbanization positively affects CO2 emissions in Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. Economic growth is found asymmetrical in all GCC countries, and the asymmetrical effect of oil price is also observed in all GCC countries except the UAE. Hence, these countries should impose a carbon tax on energy-intensive urban activities to discourage pollution emissions, and these tax revenues should be utilized to encourage the cleaner use of energy in the urban area. In summary, economic growth is responsible for increasing CO2 emissions in 4 out of 6 GCC countries and increasing oil price is increasing CO2 emissions in 3 out of 6 GCC countries. Overall, GCC countries should speed up the renewable energy transition process by installing renewable energy projects on an urgent basis, which would reduce the environmental consequences of rising oil price and economic growth. 
  • 2.0K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Smart Hospitals and IoT Sensors: The Healthcare Future
Hospitals are already adopting sensor devices of many types to monitor medical processes. Patients and medical staff can now wear sensors that provide movement and health conditions information in near-real time. Additionally, many sensors can monitor physical settings generating information about the environment and medical equipment. This set of sensors has the potential to provide information to support decision-making processes and medical data analytics. Internet of Things (IoT) is spreading among several areas, paving the way to a new industrial revolution.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nike+
The Nike+iPod Sports Kit is an activity tracker device, developed by Nike, Inc., which measures and records the distance and pace of a walk or run. The Nike+iPod consists of a small transmitter device attached to or embedded in a shoe, which communicates with either the Nike+ Sportband, a receiver plugged into an iPod Nano. It can also work directly with a 2nd Generation iPod Touch (or higher), iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, iPhone 5S, or a Nike+ Sportwatch. If using the iPod or the iPhone, iTunes software can be used to view the walk or run history. The Nike+iPod was announced on May 23, 2006. On September 7, 2010, Nike released the Nike+ Running App (originally called Nike+ GPS) on the App Store, which used a tracking engine powered by MotionX that does not require the separate shoe sensor or pedometer. This application works using the accelerometer and GPS of the iPhone and the accelerometer of the iPod Touch, which does not have a GPS chip. Nike+Running is compatible with the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus down to iPhone 3GS and iPod touch. On June 21, 2012, Nike released Nike+ Running App for Android. The current app is compatible with all Android phones running 4.0.3 and up.
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Worldwide Research Trends in Agrivoltaic Systems
An agrovoltaic system combines agricultural crop production and energy production in the same place, emphasizing the dual use of land. Researchers provided a bibliometric analysis of agrivoltaic topics based on publications indexed in SCOPUS, in which either economic assessments of agrivoltaics, agrivoltaic systems for crops and livestock animals, photovoltaic greenhouse and agrivoltaics with open field discussed, or its ideas are used to analyze certain locations. It is shown that scientific publications in recent years mainly focus on short-term predictions, there is no recognized evaluation standard for various prediction analyses, and it is difficult to evaluate various prediction methods so far.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Drivers of Palatability for Cats and Dogs
The pet food industry is an important sector of the pet care market that is growing rapidly. Whilst the number of new and innovative products continues to rise, research and development to assess product performance follows traditional palatability methodology. Pet food palatability research focuses on the amount of food consumed through use of one-bowl and two-bowl testing, but little understanding is given to why differences are observed, particularly at a fundamental ingredient level.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Phytochemicals of Lavandin
Lavender has been used for years in traditional medicine and aromatherapy, as well as in the perfume, cosmetic, and food industries. It is also often planted in household gardens and its herb is often used as a fragrance for shelves and wardrobes. The most well-known species of lavender is Lavandula angustifolia Miller (LA) and its essential oil (EO) is often portrayed in the popular press and various guides as a panacea—the wonder remedy for multiple conditions. L. angustifolia is the only species of the genus Lavandula that is officially recognized as a medicinal plant, described in the European pharmacopeia and used in modern phytotherapy. The common names of LA include common lavender, English lavender, and also true lavender. 
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  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Development of Plant Protection Methods
Over thousands of years, the history of human survival and development has been accompanied by the struggle against plant pests, among which plant target recognition, plant protection methods and plant protection machinery constitute the three elements of plant protection. Plant protection practices have been enriched around the world.  Six types of plant protection methods have been developed, including the agricultural method, the physical method, the biological method, the chemical method, plant quarantine and integrated pest management (IPM).
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondria and Ageing
Declining mitochondrial function, reflected in defects in ATP synthesis and increased generation of toxic reactive oxygen species is a universal feature of natural ageing. It accompanies the other hallmarks of ageing which include progressive loss of function in multiple organs, sarcopenia and increasing maladaptive low-grade inflammation. These end in death, which is a cumulative result of loss of function, leading to either increased vulnerability to environmental hazards such as predation and disease or to failure of critical organ systems such as the heart, liver or kidney. Several processes that may contribute mechanistically to age related degeneration have been identified, including oxidative damage, accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, autoinflammatory processes, loss of stem cell populations and an increasing load of malfunctional senescent cells.  Mitochondrial dysfunction has connections with each of these processes.  The following is a brief overview of some of these connections.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay in Nanotoxicology
Nanomaterials unveil many applicational possibilities for technical and medical purposes, which range from imaging techniques to the use as drug carriers. Prior to any human application, analysis of undesired effects and characterization of their toxicological profile is mandatory. To address this topic, animal models, and rodent models in particular, are most frequently used. However, as the reproducibility and transferability to the human organism of animal experimental data is increasingly questioned and the awareness of animal welfare in society increases at the same time, methodological alternatives are urgently required. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is an increasingly popular in ovo experimental organism suitable for replacement of rodent experimentation.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptors in PCOS
Female infertility is mainly caused by ovulation disorders, which affect female reproduction and pregnancy worldwide, with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) being the most prevalent of these. PCOS is a frequent endocrine disease that is associated with abnormal function of the female sex hormone estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogens mediate genomic effects through ERα and ERβ in target tissues. The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has recently been described as mediating the non-genomic signaling of estrogen. Changes in estrogen receptor signaling pathways affect cellular activities, such as ovulation; cell cycle phase; and cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Over the years, some selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have made substantial strides in clinical applications for subfertility with PCOS, such as tamoxifen and clomiphene, however the role of ER in PCOS still needs to be understood.
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  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by the hepatic deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) and the slowdown of heme biosynthesis. AIP symptomatology includes life-threatening, acute neurovisceral or neuropsychiatric attacks manifesting in response to precipitating factors.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Temperature Sensitive Optical Parameters
In the new age of illumination, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been proven to be the most efficient alternative to conventional light sources. Yet, in comparison to other lighting systems, LEDs operate at low temperatures while junction temperature (Tj) is among the main factors dictating their lifespan, reliability, and performance. Tj may be indirectly measured using an LED’s inherent optical characteristics. The emission spectrum of a semiconductor device is influenced by temperature variations due to the temperature dependence of the energy band gap. This behavior motivates researchers to use spectral power distribution (SPD) characteristics such as the peak wavelength and spectral bandwidth of LEDs, which are known as temperature sensitive optical parameters (TSOPs), to estimate Tj. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes of Central Nervous System
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) include any symptomatic and non-metastatic neurological manifestations associated with a neoplasm. PNS associated with antibodies against intracellular antigens, known as “high-risk” antibodies, show frequent association with underlying cancer. PNS associated with antibodies against neural surface antigens, known as “intermediate- or low-risk” antibodies, are less frequently associated with cancer. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Tomato Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. Environmental conditions can negatively affect fruit set and final productivity. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Wearable Devices
Wearable devices use sensors to evaluate physiological parameters, such as the heart rate, pulse rate, number of steps taken, body fat and diet. The continuous monitoring of physiological parameters offers a potential solution to assess personal healthcare. Identifying outliers or anomalies in heart rates and other features can help identify patterns that can play a significant role in understanding the underlying cause of disease states. Since anomalies are present within the vast amount of data generated by wearable device sensors, identifying anomalies requires accurate automated techniques. Given the clinical significance of anomalies and their impact on diagnosis and treatment, a wide range of detection methods have been proposed to detect anomalies. Much of what is reported herein is based on previously published literature. Clinical studies employing wearable devices are also increasing. In this article, we review the nature of the wearables-associated data and the downstream processing methods for detecting anomalies. In addition, we also review supervised and un-supervised techniques as well as semi-supervised methods that overcome the challenges of missing and un-annotated healthcare data.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Evolution and Interconnectedness of Corporate Sustainability Constructs
The concept of sustainable development (SD) was introduced in the “Our Common Future” report, launched in 1987, which influenced the emergence of many studies related to the role played by organizations as actors supporting SD. SD is a consolidated concept; however, since 1987, many political, social, and natural events have occurred on the planet, which have impacted companies’ behaviors. However, the diversity of research from different fields has provoked, among the academic community, a lack of clarity surrounding “sustainability” (S), “corporate sustainability” (CS) and “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) concepts. This lack of clarity can also be identified in companies, which have referred to “sustainability” only in the environmental field. Recently, increased discussions related to corporate sustainability metrics have shed light on the ESG criteria (environmental, social, and governance), increasing misperceptions associated with the concept. Ambiguous definitions and constructs may prevent managers from identifying sustainability goals for their companies.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Relevance of Crystal Forms in the Pharmaceutical Field
The existence of multiple crystal forms of an active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is relevant not only for the selection of the best solid material to carry through the various stages of drug development, including the choice of dosage and of excipients suitable for drug development and marketing, but also in terms of intellectual property protection and/or extension. This is because the physico-chemical properties, such as solubility, dissolution rate, thermal stability, processability, etc., of the solid API may depend, sometimes dramatically, on the crystal form, with important implications on the drug’s ultimate efficacy.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Aug 2022
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