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Topic Review
Perspective for High-Value C2 Chemicals
The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6) has aroused worldwide interest over the past decade due to the rise of vast new shale gas resources. However, obtaining higher C2 selectivity can be very challenging in a typical OCM process in the presence of easily oxidized products such as C2H4 and C2H6. Regarding this, different types of catalysts have been studied to achieve desirable C2 yields.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Mechanism of Banana and Plantain Fruits Elements
Plant-based foods, such as fruits, contain natural active principles, ranging from primary metabolites (nutritive factors, vitamins, and minerals) to secondary metabolites (phytochemicals). These bioactive principles play significant roles in mitigating several chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies have identified antioxidant-rich secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and anthocyanin, for their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and ameliorative roles in neurological disorders. Generally, natural polyphenols express their neuroprotective capacity by relying on their mechanism ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to scavenge the pathological concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Equally, polyphenols modulate a series of mediating cell-signaling pathways of pathological diseases.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Central Line (Geometry)
In geometry, central lines are certain special straight lines that lie in the plane of a triangle. The special property that distinguishes a straight line as a central line is manifested via the equation of the line in trilinear coordinates. This special property is related to the concept of triangle center also. The concept of a central line was introduced by Clark Kimberling in a paper published in 1994.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Plasmopara viticola
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a high risk pathogen associated with the development of fungicide resistance.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Non-Mendelian Heredity in Plant Breeding
Mendelian heredity is the cornerstone of plant breeding and has been used to develop new varieties of plants since the 19th century. However, there are several breeding cases, such as cytoplasmic inheritance, methylation, epigenetics, hybrid vigor, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), where Mendelian heredity is not applicable, known as non-Mendelian heredity. This type of inheritance can be influenced by several factors besides the genetic architecture of the plant and its breeding potential. Therefore, exploring various non-Mendelian heredity mechanisms, their prevalence in plants, and the implications for plant breeding is of paramount importance to accelerate the pace of crop improvement.
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fish Protein-Based Gel Products
Texture is an important parameter in determining the quality characteristics and consumer acceptability of seafood and fish protein-based products. The quality of protein gel used in food development depends on its functional and nutritional properties. The number of commercial gel products is growing with the use of different additives, such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and protein-based hydrolysates. The addition of such additives has improved the gelling properties of surimi gel in different ways: (a) by preventing the protein oxidation, denaturation and aggregation; (b) by improving the intermolecular binding interactions; (c) by enhancing the amino acids cross-linking and (d) reducing the amount of free water molecules during processing and preservation.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Squid
Squid is a caching and forwarding HTTP web proxy. It has a wide variety of uses, including speeding up a web server by caching repeated requests, caching web, DNS and other computer network lookups for a group of people sharing network resources, and aiding security by filtering traffic. Although primarily used for HTTP and FTP, Squid includes limited support for several other protocols including Internet Gopher, SSL, TLS and HTTPS. Squid does not support the SOCKS protocol, unlike Privoxy, with which Squid can be used in order to provide SOCKS support. Squid was originally designed to run as a daemon on Unix-like systems. A Windows port was maintained up to version 2.7. New versions available on Windows use the Cygwin environment. Squid is free software released under the GNU General Public License.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sourdough and Its Effect on Bread Properties
Sourdough is a key component in traditional and artisanal bread making. It imparts unique flavors and textures to bread, which are highly sought after by consumers. Accumulated research shows the performance of sourdoughs as an alternative to improve the organoleptic characteristics of bread and its shelf life. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Construction Differentiation Pattern of African Railway Network
Since the new century, countries in Africa have started a new round of rail network planning and construction which brings the completed different features together with the spatial organization of the railway network during the colonial period. Along with the strategic layout of “going out” with China’s railways, the organizational structure of the African railway network will make a tremendous change for the construction market, network organization, and gauge structure of the African railways.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for Extraction of Phytochemicals from Medical Cannabis
Cannabis is a rich source of phytochemicals with over 125 types of cannabinoids and 400 non-cannabinoids like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes. These phytochemicals have been linked to various health benefits. Cannabis is well-known for its numerous therapeutic activities, as demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies primarily due to its bioactive compounds. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, product development and extraction methods have become crucial aspects of Cannabis research. 
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Seal Lice
Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are permanent, obligate, and hematophagous ectoparasites of mammals. Throughout their evolutionary history, they have established associations and co-evolved with mammals, being present in most Mammalian genera. Seal lice is the common name given to a group of sucking lice belonging to the family Echinophthiriidae (Phthiraptera: Anoplura). This group characterises by infesting hosts with an aquatic lifestyle, i.e. pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus) and the North American river otter.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems
The employment of blockchain technology in electronic voting (e-voting) systems is attracting significant attention due to its ability to enhance transparency, security, and integrity in digital voting. Blockchain technology has been recognized as a potential solution for secure and transparent e-voting systems. By leveraging the decentralization, immutability, and transparency of blockchain technology, e-voting systems can prevent fraud and manipulation, improve voter anonymity, and increase trust in the electoral process. Moreover, blockchain-based e-voting systems can reduce the cost and time associated with traditional voting systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
History and Trends in U.S. High School Science Course Taking
This entry describes high school science course taking in the United States (U.S.). High school science course taking refers to the selection, enrollment, and completion of science-related coursework during grades nine through twelve. It encompasses both the timing, quantity, and the rigor (or level of challenge) of science courses. Science course taking in high school includes both foundational or core courses like biology, chemistry, physics, and environmental science. Students may also take advanced science courses such as Advanced Placement (AP), (International Baccalaureate (IB), career and technical education (CTE) or applied, and dual credit or dual enrollment science courses. Some advanced courses meet core course requirements (e.g., AP Physics). This entry focuses on core science course taking, and the distinction between core or advanced core is beyond its scope. A discussion of CTE and dual credit or dual enrollment science course taking is also beyond the entry’s scope. The significant variability in core high school science course taking and historic unequal distribution of opportunities highlights the need for ongoing monitoring of factors influencing course taking to promote equity in access and outcomes. This entry presents a brief history of standards and graduation requirements surrounding high school science course taking, then briefly reviews science course pathways classifications and current trends in course enrollment and completion. A review of current trends in the context of historical developments can help the high school science education policy and practice field take stock of some of the factors that influence current patterns. The entry is written with a lens towards broadening participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and equity.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Mar 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Spatial Hurst–Kolmogorov Clustering
The stochastic analysis in the scale domain (instead of the traditional lag or frequency domains) is introduced as a robust means to identify, model and simulate the Hurst–Kolmogorov (HK) dynamics, ranging from small (fractal) to large scales exhibiting the clustering behavior (else known as the Hurst phenomenon or long-range dependence). The HK clustering is an attribute of a multidimensional (1D, 2D, etc.) spatio-temporal stationary stochastic process with an arbitrary marginal distribution function, and a fractal behavior on small spatio-temporal scales of the dependence structure and a power-type on large scales, yielding a high probability of low- or high-magnitude events to group together in space and time. This behavior is preferably analyzed through the second-order statistics, and in the scale domain, by the stochastic metric of the climacogram, i.e., the variance of the averaged spatio-temporal process vs. spatio-temporal scale.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Catalysts for Glycerol Reforming
The valuable products produced from glycerol transformation have become a research route that attracted considerable benefits owing to their huge volumes as well as a myriad of chemical and biological techniques for transforming glycerol into high-value compounds, such as fuel additives, biofuels, precursors, and other useful chemicals, etc. Steam, aqueous, and autothermal reforming processes have been primarily investigated in glycerol reforming. An update on glycerol reforming is given, with an exclusive focus on the various catalyst's performance in designing reaction operation conditions.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody-based Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is one of the most effective therapeutic options for cancer patients. Five specific classes of immunotherapies, which includes cell-based chimeric antigenic receptor T-cells, checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, antibody-based targeted therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Immunotherapies can improve survival rates among cancer patients. At the same time, however, they can cause inflammation and promote adverse cardiac immune modulation and cardiac failure among some cancer patients as late as five to ten years following immunotherapy.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nanobiotechnology for Agriculture
Nanobiotechnology in agriculture is a driver for modern-day smart, efficient agricultural practices. Nanoparticles have been shown to stimulate plant growth and disease resistance. The goal of sustainable farming can be accomplished by developing and sustainably exploiting the fruits of nanobiotechnology to balance the advantages nanotechnology provides in tackling environmental challenges.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Wrist Accelerometer
The switch from hip-placed to wrist-worn accelerometers has signaled the focus on developing novel approaches to process raw acceleration data without overly relying on traditional cut points. Indeed, wrist-worn raw acceleration data have been increasingly utilized to capture individuals’ physical behavior patterns. Several traditional methods and cut points have been developed to deal with raw wrist acceleration data, yet they appear to either overestimate or underestimate the outcomes.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Current Account
In economics, a country's current account is one of the two components of its balance of payments, the other being the capital account (also known as the financial account). The current account consists of the balance of trade, net primary income or factor income (earnings on foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors) and net unilateral transfers, that have taken place over a given period of time. The current account balance is one of two major measures of a country's foreign trade (the other being the net capital outflow). A current account surplus indicates that the value of a country's net foreign assets (i.e. assets less liabilities) grew over the period in question, and a current account deficit indicates that it shrank. Both government and private payments are included in the calculation. It is called the current account because goods and services are generally consumed in the current period.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rajan Zed Prayer Protest
The Rajan Zed prayer protest were events surrounding the first official offering of a Hindu prayer at the United States Senate. On July 12, 2007, Rajan Zed, a Hindu cleric and a noted leader in Interfaith Relations from the Indian Association of Northern Nevada based in Reno, appeared at the United States Senate as its guest Chaplain.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Nov 2022
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