Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Soil Nitrogen
Freshwater nitrogen (N) pollution is a significant sustainability concern in agriculture. In the U.S. Midwest, large precipitation events during winter and spring are a major driver of N losses. Uncertainty about the fate of applied N early in the growing season can prompt farmers to make additional N applications, increasing the risk of environmental N losses. New tools are needed to provide real-time estimates of soil inorganic N status for corn (Zea mays L.) production, especially considering projected increases in precipitation and N losses due to climate change.
  • 948
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Leaves of Chirimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)
Annona cherimola Mill. is a native species of Ecuador cultivated worldwide for the flavor and properties of its fruit. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate essential oil (EO) of fresh Annona cherimola leaves collected in Ecuadorian Sierra. The EO chemical composition was determined using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column and enantiomeric distribution with an enantioselective column. 
  • 948
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress-Induced Responses in Dairy Cattle
Next-generation numerical approaches, such as machine learning techniques and big data analytics, are also increasingly applied in the animal production sector. In the dairy cattle sector, the evaluation of the effects induced by heat stress is still one of the most impactful and investigated aspects as it is strongly connected to both sustainability of the production and animal welfare. On the other hand, more recently, the possibility of collecting a large dataset made available by the increasing technology diffusion is paving the way for the application of advanced numerical techniques based on machine learning or big data approaches. In this scenario, driven by rapid change, there could be the risk of dispersing the relevant information represented by the physiological animal component, which should maintain the central role in the development of numerical models and tools.
  • 948
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Naturalized Parrots
Parrots have been transported and traded by humans for at least the last 2000 years and this trade continues unabated today. This transport of species has involved the majority of recognized parrot species (300+ of 382 species). Inevitably, some alien species either escape captivity or are released and may establish breeding populations in the novel area. With respect to parrots, established but alien populations are becoming common in many parts of the world.
  • 947
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fermented Corn–Soybean Meal Mixed Feed
Fermented corn-soybean meal mixed feed is a fermented product based on corn, soybean meal and wheat bran.
  • 946
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles against Viruses
This study is an actual review about of recent studies using metal nanocomposites as antivirals against coronavirus and structurally similar viruses. We wrote this review in a new perspective, within the scope of nanomaterials, the purpose of the review is to demonstrate the potential of nanoparticles in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 946
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Farm-level in Pig Production
Specialist systematically mapped the scientific literature on the sustainability of pig production at farm-level. Sustainability was considered holistically, i.e. economic, environmental, and social dimensions, each consisting of a broad range of different aspects that may contradict or reinforce each other. Literature published between January 2000 and March 2020 with a geographical focus on Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand was included. We found that papers analysing environmental sustainability were more frequent than papers analysing economic or social sustainability. However, there are many different aspects within each dimension of sustainability, hampering comparisons between studies. These interrelations are not well understood and that possible trade-offs or synergies between different aspects of sustainability dimensions remain unidentified. This systematic mapping of the current literature on farm-level sustainability in pig production can support a more informed discussion on knowledge gaps and help prioritise future research at farm-level to enhance sustainability in pig production.
  • 944
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Minerals and Cancer
Minerals and trace elements are important micronutrients for normal physiological function of the body. They are abundant in natural food sources and are regularly included in dietary supplements whereas highly processed industrial food often contains reduced or altered amounts of them. In modern society, the daily intake, storage pools, and homeostasis of these micronutrients are dependent on certain dietary habits and can be thrown out of balance by malignancies. Their dietary imbalance, which is becoming more common in the diets of industrialized countries, is linked to an increased risk of cancer. 
  • 944
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation uses physical energy, and it is a non-thermal and non-chemical technology used by the food industry for liquid and solid surface decontamination, to control foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, as well as viruses and protozoa. UV radiations at short wavelengths, in the range of from 220 to 280 nm, result in physical damage to the nucleic acids and inhibit bacterial replication by induction of the formation of cyclobutene pyrimidine dimers, which blocks DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell death . However, the repair mechanism of UV damage, especially by photoreactivation, is a major disadvantage of UV disinfection .
  • 943
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sloths
Sloths are some of the most fascinating and unique creatures in the animal kingdom. Known for their incredibly slow movements, these tree-dwelling mammals spend most of their lives hanging upside down in the rainforests of Central and South America. But there's so much more to them than just their leisurely pace.
  • 942
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Seaweed Polysaccharides in Pigs
The polysaccharides contained in brown, red, and green seaweeds present different bioactive molecules such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan, and carrageenan.
  • 939
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Contaminants-Related Fertility Threat in Male Fishes
Public concern regarding environmental contaminants (ECs)-related reproductive disorders has increased due to increasing global rates of infertility. All kinds of ECs are on rise rapidly in developing and industrializing low- and middle-income countries. The aquatic environments throughout the world are repositories for enormous amounts of ECs. As the biology of the reproductive system is highly conserved in vertebrates, wildlife or laboratory studies on fish provide significant information to establish a detailed risk assessment, and to identify novel or more sensitive endpoints for ECs-related reproductive disorders. The adverse effects of ECs on endocrine regulation of reproduction in male fishes have been extensively studied and reviewed; however, our knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of action of ECs on determinants of male fertility is limited.
  • 938
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
A Fiber-Specific Promoter in Cotton
Cotton fibers, single seed trichomes derived from ovule epidermal cells, are the major source of global textile fibers. Fiber-specific promoters are desirable to study gene function and to modify fiber properties during fiber development. A regulatory sequence from Rho-related GTPase6 (GhROP6) that is predominantly active in initiating and elongating cotton fibers was introduced. 
  • 938
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Big Data on the Farm
The demand for poultry meat and eggs is predicted to considerably increase in pace with human population growth. Although this expansion clearly represents a remarkable opportunity for the sector, it conceals a multitude of challenges. Pollution and land erosion, competition for limited resources between animal and human nutrition, animal welfare concerns, limitations on the use of growth promoters and antimicrobial agents, and increasing risks and effects of animal infectious diseases and zoonoses are several topics that have received attention from authorities and the public. The increase in poultry production must be achieved mainly through optimization and increased efficiency. The increasing ability to generate large amounts of data (“big data”) is pervasive in both modern society and the farming industry. Information accessibility—coupled with the availability of tools and computational power to store, share, integrate, and analyze data with automatic and flexible algorithms—offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop tools to maximize farm profitability, reduce socio-environmental impacts, and increase animal and human health and welfare. A detailed description of all topics and applications of big data analysis in poultry farming would be infeasible. The principles and benefits of advanced statistical techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, and their use in developing effective and reliable classification and prediction models to benefit the farming system, are also discussed.
  • 938
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Guiding Nutritious Food Choices
For the food system to become more sustainable and nutritious, the environment in which consumers’ choices are shaped and informed has an important influence on their diet. Health-positive policies and regulations can support investment and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, as well as mandating these foods to form part of institutional feeding programmes such as national school nutrition programs. Efforts to regulate the marketing of commercial products and services can be highly controversial, but they have been shown to be effective in driving food choices.
  • 937
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multimodal Communication in Plant Environment
Stink bugs use semiochemicals to communicate over long distances and exchange vibratory signals that are transmitted on plants over shorter distances. These signals are produced by various mechanisms, such as body vibration (tremulation) or drumming on the substrate, and are accompanied by visual, chemical, and mechanical signals and cues when they encounter a mate.
  • 936
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CsAGA1 and CsAGA2 Mediate RFO Hydrolysis
A Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) is one of the major translocated sugars in the vascular bundle of cucumber, but little RFOs can be detected in fruits. Alpha-galactosidases (α-Gals) catalyze the first catabolism step of RFOs. Six α-Gal genes exist in a cucumber genome, but their spatial functions in fruits remain unclear.
  • 933
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TRP and Thermoregulation in Animals
Transient receptor potentialare cation channels made up of transmembrane proteins that function as transductors through changes in the membrane potential due to the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. Q10 is the temperature coefficient of the rate of change when an organism increases its temperature by 10 °C.
  • 933
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Next Generation Crop-Yield Improvement
Artificial domestication and improvement of the majority of crops began approximately 10,000 years ago, in different parts of the world, to achieve high productivity, good quality, and widespread adaptability. It was initiated from a phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developed to current biotechnology-based breeding to feed over 7 billion people. For most cereal crops, yield relates to grain production, which could be enhanced by increasing grain number and weight. Grain number is typically determined during inflorescence development. Many mutants and genes for inflorescence development have already been characterized in cereal crops. Therefore, optimization of such genes could fine-tune yield-related traits, such as grain number. With the rapidly advancing genome-editing technologies and understanding of yield-related traits, knowledge-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality.
  • 932
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Circular PPP1R13B RNA
A novel circular PPP1R13B RNA promotes chicken skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation via targeting miR-9-5p and activating IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
  • 932
  • 02 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback