Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Ilyas Ali
 -- 1822 2022-12-08 12:24:59 |
2 update references and layout
Amina Yu
 Meta information modification 1822 2022-12-09 01:56:00 | |
3 update references and layout
Amina Yu
 Meta information modification 1822 2022-12-12 08:39:54 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Ali, I. Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38336 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Ali I. Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38336. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Ali, Ilyas. "Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38336 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Ali, I. (2022, December 08). Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/38336
Ali, Ilyas. "Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 December, 2022.
Probiotics as a Friendly Antibiotic Alternative
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/fermentation8120672

The improvement of feed consumption and genetic selection have been the primary areas of poultry research. The control of a variety of microbial infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Enterococcus, Klebsiella and Proteus species has been less thoroughly investigated. The immune system of broilers is not fully developed during the first few weeks and therefore it is more susceptible to bacterial infection. Furthermore, it can take up to eight weeks for the gut microbiota to develop and stabilize. The longer the time necessary to reach bacterial homeostasis, the greater the risk of bacterial infection. Poultry are kept in closed facilities to minimize the risk of bacterial infection.

intestinal morphology reproduction antibiotic resistance poultry

1. Probiotics and Growth Performance

The pathogen most prevalent in the intestines of chickens, particularly broilers, is Salmonella. Therefore, probiotics have been potential candidates for growth promoters in the majority of commercial poultry diets since the withdrawal of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry nutrition. Antibiotic growth promoters act by blocking the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine-degrading intermediates in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the disturbed gut microbiota [1]. Probiotics, on the other hand, alter the gut environment and strengthen its barrier function through the immune system stimulation, as presented in Table 1 [2]. A total of 280 females of Japanese quails were fed with a mixture of without rapeseed meal, non-fermented post-extraction rapeseed meal (5%, 10%, 15%), and a fermented one (5%, 10%, 15%). The data analysis revealed that the addition of 10% fermented rapeseed meal had the most beneficial effects as such egg quality traits as egg weight, specific gravity, yolk index and color, and albumen pH [3]. In broilers, probiotic non-pathogenic bacteria compete with the pathogenic ones for nutrients in the gut. They also colonize the intestines, preventing pathogenic bacteria from inhabitation and stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes (e.g., β-galactosidase, α amylase), thus facilitating the absorption of nutrients, and enhancing broiler growth performance [4]. An increased average dietary feed consumption and conversion result in an improved body weight gain, which in turn affects production performance, even though probiotics do not always significantly influence feed consumption and feed conversion. All of the above-mentioned processes depend on several factors, including strain selection and application, time concentration, as well as the absorption of dietary probiotics [5]. An increased average dietary feed consumption and an enhanced feed conversion efficiency are closely attributed to an improvement in body weight gain, which in turn complements production performance [6]. The application of dietary supplementation of probiotics improves body weight gain and feed conversion, even though probiotics do not always significantly enhance feed consumption [7]. The body weight gain, average daily diet consumption, feed conversion efficiency, and production performance of the poultry birds are influenced by several potential factors including strains selection, application, time concentration, and absorption of dietary supplementation of probiotics [8].

Table 1. Summary of the beneficial probiotics on poultry performance.

Probiotic Strains Biological Performance Reference
Bacillus amyloliquefaciencs Improve intestinal health and growth performance [9][10]
Bacillus coagulans Enhances growth performance and gut health [11]
Lactobacillus acidophillus Improve production performance and helps the immune system and gut histomorphology [12][13]
Lactobacillus bulgaricus Enhances growth performances and improves immune functions [14]
Pediococcus acidilactici Improves laying performances and modulates intestinal microflora composition [15][16]
Propionibacterium acidipropionic Contributes to the better development of intestinal mucosa and microbiota composition [17]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improves growth performance and enhances laying performance [18]
Streptococcus faecium Avoided the impairment and regulated the stability of the epithelial intestine, and improves the immune functions [19]

Wang et al. [20] immunized hatched chicks with a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LT-113, and found that it protected against Salmonella typhimurium by limiting gastrointestinal invasion and inhibiting tight junction gene expression in intestinal cells. In the control group, Salmonella infection compromised the intestinal mucosal barrier. On the other hand, Olnood et al. [21] revealed that the oral administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii decreased Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens invasion in the gastrointestinal system. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the combination of xylanase and a multistrain probiotic enhanced dietary energy absorption in the intestine and its preservation in the liver [22]. Energy changes may result from improved nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Probiotics increased the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, stimulated the immune system and metabolism [23][24].

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites produced during microbial carbohydrate fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract impact leukocytes and endothelial cells by stimulating G-protein-coupled receptors and inhibiting histone deacetylase. SCFAs increase the level of IgA produced by B immune cells, impede the NF-κB transcription factors and reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines [25][26]. Dietary supplementation of poultry with Bacillus licheniformis, a facultative anaerobic bacterium, enhances the gastrointestinal tract absorption rate and surface area. It also stimulates the growth and multiplication of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Aspergillus awamori, as shown in Figure 1 [27].

Fermentation 08 00672 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of probiotics on growth performance, gut macroflora and feed efficiency.

2. Probiotics and Intestinal Morphology

Poultry health status and improved growth efficiency are strongly correlated with the gut condition and intestinal microflora. The intestines play a very important role in the digestive tract of birds as they harbor a diverse community of beneficial microbes, which degrade complex nutrient compounds into simpler molecules that are more easily assimilated and metabolized [28][29]. The structural organization and adherence properties of the gastrointestinal epithelial cells are crucial for nutrient absorption and the protection of the bird’s body from pathogenic microbes that could infiltrate the bloodstream [30]. The most important parameters associated with the higher nutritional absorption resulting from larger surface area available for nutrient assimilation are those related to intestinal morphology, i.e., increased villus height, a lower crypt depth, and the higher villus height to crypt depth ratio [31]. Sound gastrointestinal microbiota is the prime requirement for avoiding microorganism infections in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. This is achieved by preventing microorganism colonization through pathogenic bacteria antagonism, inhibition of adhesion sites in the gut and impediment to bacterial exercises [32]. Similarly, another marker of gastrointestinal health status is the amount of gastric mucosa, which produces mucin and prevents pathogenic organisms from adhering to mucosal surfaces [33]. Even though the intestinal microflora is relatively stable, it is still affected by numerous environmental factors (feed composition, hygienic standards, physical stress, etc.) and overall health condition of the animal. However, the key element with the greatest impact on intestinal microflora is diet. Probiotics are commonly used for intestinal flora regulation [34] and improvement of gastrointestinal histomorphology; however, the potential effects may slightly differ from one strain to another [35]. Dietary supplementation of broilers with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus reuteri significantly affected barrier activity and reduced colonization by certain opportunistic or pathogenic microorganisms [36].

Zheng et al. [11] exposed broilers to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and found a significant decline in goblet cell membranes at 7 days post-infection (DPI), as well as a reduction in villus height and villus-crypt ratio in the small intestine. In contrast, birds fed dietary supplementation of Bacillus coagulans had a relatively low crypt depth, a greater villus-crypt ratio, and a larger number of goblet cells in the jejunum at 7 and 17 days post-infection. Gastrointestinal mucous cells synthesize mucin-2, a constituent of mucus, which facilitates the enhancement of barrier activity in Salmonella enteritidis-infected birds. Supplementation with a Bacillus licheniformis-fermented product at 1.25 and 5 g/kg improved cecal morphology and increased the survival rate of broilers and conserve a stable number of goblet cells in the ileum as well as in the caecum under Eimeria tenella challenge. A 1.25 g/kg dose reduced lesions scores in the cecum, while that of 5 g/kg decreased the oocyst-count index. Furthermore, surfactin C isolated from Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products inhibited Eimeria oocyst sporulation and disrupted sporozoite morphology [37].

3. Probiotics and Immune Response

The chicken requires a strong immune system for optimal performance. The immune system comprises lymphoid organs located in the different parts of the body. In addition to highly specialized lymphoid structures like Meckel’s diverticulum, the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, and Peyer’s patches, which are connected to the gastrointestinal lumen, numerous lymphoid cells can be found in the epithelial mucous membrane (intraepithelial lymphocytes) [38][39]. Enteric neurons and gut immune cells communicate with each other in order to coordinate their actions against stressors [40]. Among the neuroendocrine compounds produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal medullary axes are corticosterone and catecholamines, which have the potential to influence immune regulation and phagocyte activity in a variety of immune cells [30]. Physical restrictions such as a low gastric pH and rapid transit in the small intestine play a crucial role in preventing pathogens from colonizing the gastrointestinal tract and causing inflammation [33]. In addition, pathogens must overcome the physical barriers imposed by the epithelium and intestinal microflora as well as the response of the host defense system in order to ultimately cause infection [41]. Cristofori et al. [42] showed that some non-pathogenic gut microbiota altered physiological cellular responses and the ability of an organism to fight infections by interacting with the host defense system and epithelium. Other potential advantages of probiotics are based on their significant impact on the intestinal environment. Epithelial and dendritic cells that constitute sentinel cells in the mucosa are found in lymphoid tissue connected to the intestinal tract. The binding of probiotic microbe-associated molecular patterns to Toll-like receptors on sentinel cells triggers NF-kB and MAP kinase pathways [42]. This activation does not only exert cytoprotective effects but also increases or inhibits the expression of genes controlling the inflammatory process by stimulating, signaling, and interpreting antimicrobial factors [43]. Additional advantages include enhanced epithelial barrier function, bacterial adhesion to the intestinal epithelium, and inhibition of microbial adhesion [33]. Probiotics are considered potential alternatives to antibiotics for improving immune health and growth performance in broilers. Cheng et al. [44] reported that dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis enhanced T-cell immunity without impairing bird growth. It also directly impacted chemokine expression of genes and enhanced the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the mucosal surface, which had a profound effect on the immune system. Probiotics also influence immune function by affecting B-lymphocytes. Two bioactive secondary metabolites produced by probiotic bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and bacteriocins, prevent infectious agents from growing and surviving [45]. Notably, several Lactobacillus strains producing lactic acid were found to be able to lower the pH level of their surroundings. Lie et al. [9] observed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens initially reduced the stress caused by the immune response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broiler chickens and increased plasma lysozyme activity and WBC count in 192-day-old males. Consequently, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was able to restore impaired immune status and growth performance [46]. Yitbarek et al. [47] fed a mix of probiotics obtained from various strains of Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei and prebiotics (yeast-derived carbohydrates) to 300-day-old Lohman pullets. In this case, synbiotics enhanced the immune system and maintained homeostasis through an IL-10-specific response. Synbiotic supplementation resulted in the increased concentrations of IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN), and IL-4 in the ileum.
Hetab et al. [48] demonstrated that the production of antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus in layers was significantly enhanced by probiotic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium). Therefore, broiler chickens supplemented with B. subtilis showed higher levels of antibodies against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and bursal disease [49].

References

  1. Adedokun, S.A.; Olojede, O.C. Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: The role of nutrients and feed additives. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 5, 348.
  2. Al-Khalaifah, H. Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Poult. Sci. 2018, 97, 3807–3815.
  3. Wengerska, K.; Czech, A.; Knaga, S.; Drabik, K.; Próchniak, T.; Bagrowski, R.; Gryta, A.; Batkowska, J. The Quality of Eggs Derived from Japanese Quail Fed with the Fermented and Non-Fermented Rapeseed Meal. Foods 2022, 11, 2492.
  4. Shehata, A.A.; Yalçın, S.; Latorre, J.D.; Basiouni, S.; Attia, Y.A.; Abd El-Wahab, A.; Visscher, C.; El-Seedi, H.R.; Huber, C.; Hafez, H.M. Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 395.
  5. Flores, C.; Duong, T.; Askelson, T.; Dersjant-Li, Y.; Gibbs, K.; Awati, A.; Lee, J. Effects of direct fed-microorganisms and enzyme blend co-administration on growth performance in broilers fed diets with or without antibiotics. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2019, 28, 1181–1188.
  6. Cervera, C.; Carmona, J.F. Nutrition and climatic environment. In Nutrition of the Rabbit; CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 2020; pp. 289–307.
  7. Angelakis, E. Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals. Microb. Pathog. 2017, 106, 162–170.
  8. Flores, C.; Askelson, T.; Dersjant-Li, Y.; Gibbs, K.; Awati, A.; Duong, T.; Lee, J. Effect of Direct-Fed Microorganisms and enzyme blend co-administration on broilers fed US commercial-type, diets with or without agp. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2018, 28, 1181–1188.
  9. Li, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, Y.; Yang, M.; Zhang, L.; Lu, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, T. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation alleviates immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers at early age. Poult. Sci. 2015, 94, 1504–1511.
  10. Mazanko, M.S.; Gorlov, I.F.; Prazdnova, E.V.; Makarenko, M.S.; Usatov, A.V.; Bren, A.B.; Chistyakov, V.A.; Tutelyan, A.V.; Komarova, Z.B.; Mosolova, N.I. Bacillus probiotic supplementations improve laying performance, egg quality, hatching of laying hens, and sperm quality of roosters. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2018, 10, 367–373.
  11. Zhen, W.; Shao, Y.; Gong, X.; Wu, Y.; Geng, Y.; Wang, Z.; Guo, Y. Effect of dietary Bacillus coagulans supplementation on growth performance and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged by Salmonella enteritidis. Poult. Sci. 2018, 97, 2654–2666.
  12. Pender, C.M.; Kim, S.; Potter, T.D.; Ritzi, M.M.; Young, M.; Dalloul, R.A. In ovo supplementation of probiotics and its effects on performance and immune-related gene expression in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 2017, 96, 1052–1062.
  13. Forte, C.; Acuti, G.; Manuali, E.; Proietti, P.C.; Pavone, S.; Trabalza-Marinucci, M.; Moscati, L.; Onofri, A.; Lorenzetti, C.; Franciosini, M.P. Effects of two different probiotics on microflora, morphology, and morphometry of gut in organic laying hens. Poult. Sci. 2016, 95, 2528–2535.
  14. Cheng, Y.; Chen, Y.; Li, X.; Yang, W.; Wen, C.; Kang, Y.; Wang, A.; Zhou, Y. Effects of synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and muscular antioxidant capacity and mineral contents in broilers. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017, 97, 3699–3705.
  15. Mikulski, D.; Jankowski, J.; Mikulska, M.; Demey, V. Effects of dietary probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici) supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and body composition in laying hens fed diets varying in energy density. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 2275–2285.
  16. Mountzouris, K.; Tsitrsikos, P.; Palamidi, I.; Arvaniti, A.; Mohnl, M.; Schatzmayr, G.; Fegeros, K. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poult. Sci. 2010, 89, 58–67.
  17. Martínez, E.A.; Babot, J.D.; Lorenzo-Pisarello, M.J.; Apella, M.C.; Chaia, A.P. Feed supplementation with avian Propionibacterium acidipropionici contributes to mucosa development in early stages of rearing broiler chickens. Benef. Microbes. 2016, 7, 687–698.
  18. Hassanein, S.M.; Soliman, N.K. Effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) adding to diets on intestinal microflora and performance of Hy-Line layers hens. J. Am. Sci. 2010, 6, 159–169.
  19. Alagawany, M.; El-Hack, A.; Mohamed, E.; Farag, M.R.; Sachan, S.; Karthik, K.; Dhama, K. The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 10611–10618.
  20. Shafiq, M.; Yao, F.; Bilal, H.; Rahman, S.U.; Zeng, M.; Ali, I.; Zeng, Y.; Li, X.; Yuan, Y.; Jiao, X. Synergistic Activity of Tetrandrine and Colistin against mcr-1-Harboring Escherichia coli. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1346.
  21. Mingmongkolchai, S.; Panbangred, W. Bacillus probiotics: An alternative to antibiotics for livestock production. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2018, 124, 1334–1346.
  22. Muhammad, J.; Khan, S.; Su, J.Q.; Hesham, A.E.-L.; Ditta, A.; Nawab, J.; Ali, A. Antibiotics in poultry manure and their associated health issues: A systematic review. J. Soils Sediments 2020, 20, 486–497.
  23. Yaqoob, M.U.; Wang, G. An updated review on probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in poultry. Anim. Biosci. 2022, 35, 1109–1120.
  24. Abdel-Moneim, A.-M.E.; Shehata, A.M.; Khidr, R.E.; Paswan, V.K.; Ibrahim, N.S.; El-Ghoul, A.A.; Aldhumri, S.A.; Gabr, S.A.; Mesalam, N.M.; Elbaz, A.M. Nutritional manipulation to combat heat stress in poultry—A comprehensive review. J. Therm. Biol. 2021, 98, 102915.
  25. Coman, M.M.; Mazzotti, L.; Silvi, S.; Scalise, A.; Orpianesi, C.; Cresci, A.; Verdenelli, M.C. Antimicrobial activity of SYNBIO® probiotic formulation in pathogens isolated from chronic ulcerative lesions: In Vitro studies. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2020, 128, 584–597.
  26. Adedokun, S.A.; Olojede, O.C. Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: The role of nutrients and feed additives. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 5, 348.
  27. Al-Khalaifah, H. Benefits of probiotics and/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry. Poult. Sci. 2018, 97, 3807–3815.
  28. Kogut, M.H. The effect of microbiome modulation on the intestinal health of poultry. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2019, 250, 32–40.
  29. Yadav, S.; Jha, R. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2019, 10, 2.
  30. Ahmad, R.; Yu, Y.-H.; Hsiao, F.S.-H.; Su, C.-H.; Liu, H.-C.; Tobin, I.; Zhang, G.; Cheng, Y.-H. Influence of Heat Stress on Poultry Growth Performance, Intestinal Inflammation, and Immune Function and Potential Mitigation by Probiotics. Animals 2022, 12, 2297.
  31. Jha, R.; Das, R.; Oak, S.; Mishra, P. Probiotics (direct-fed microbials) in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, and gut health: A systematic review. Animals 2020, 10, 1863.
  32. Khalique, A.; Zeng, D.; Shoaib, M.; Wang, H.; Qing, X.; Rajput, D.S.; Pan, K.; Ni, X. Probiotics mitigating subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE) as potential alternatives to antibiotics in poultry. AMB Express 2020, 10, 50.
  33. Robert, H.; Payros, D.; Pinton, P.; Theodorou, V.; Mercier-Bonin, M.; Oswald, I.P. Impact of mycotoxins on the intestine: Are mucus and microbiota new targets? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B 2017, 20, 249–275.
  34. Bezirtzoglou, E.E.V. Intestinal cytochromes P450 regulating the intestinal microbiota and its probiotic profile. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 2012, 23, 1.
  35. Barkhidarian, B.; Roldos, L.; Iskandar, M.M.; Saedisomeolia, A.; Kubow, S. Probiotic supplementation and micronutrient status in healthy subjects: A systematic review of clinical trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3001.
  36. Meyer, M.M.; Fries-Craft, K.A.; Bobeck, E.A. Composition and inclusion of probiotics in broiler diets alter intestinal permeability and spleen immune cell profiles without negatively affecting performance. J. Anim. Sci. 2020, 98, skz383.
  37. Yu, Y.-H.; Wu, C.-M.; Chen, W.-J.; Hua, K.-F.; Liu, J.-R.; Cheng, Y.-H. Effectiveness of Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products and Their Derived Antimicrobial Lipopeptides in Controlling Coccidiosis in Broilers. Animals 2021, 11, 3576.
  38. Nochi, T.; Jansen, C.A.; Toyomizu, M.; Eden, W. The well-developed mucosal immune systems of birds and mammals allow for similar approaches of mucosal vaccination in both types of animals. Front. Nutr. 2018, 5, 60.
  39. Rostagno, M.H. Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 2020, 98, skaa090.
  40. Haykin, H.; Rolls, A. The neuroimmune response during stress: A physiological perspective. Immunity 2021, 54, 1933–1947.
  41. Nguyen, J.; Pepin, D.M.; Tropini, C. Cause or effect? The spatial organization of pathogens and the gut microbiota in disease. Microbes Infect. 2021, 23, 104815.
  42. Cristofori, F.; Dargenio, V.N.; Dargenio, C.; Miniello, V.L.; Barone, M.; Francavilla, R. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: A door to the body. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 178.
  43. Hong, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Guan, L.; Zhou, Z.; Li, X.; Shi, D.; Xiao, Y. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL downregulates the ileal expression of genes involved in immune responses in broiler chickens to improve growth performance. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 382.
  44. Cheng, Y.-H.; Horng, Y.-B.; Dybus, A.; Yu, Y.-H. Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products improve growth performance and intestinal gut morphology in broilers under Clostridium perfringens challenge. Poult. Sci. J. 2021, 58, 30–39.
  45. Jacquier, V.; Nelson, A.; Jlali, M.; Rhayat, L.; Brinch, K.; Devillard, E. Bacillus subtilis 29784 induces a shift in broiler gut microbiome toward butyrate-producing bacteria and improves intestinal histomorphology and animal performance. Poult. Sci. 2019, 98, 2548–2554.
  46. Abd El-Hack, M.E.; El-Saadony, M.T.; Shafi, M.E.; Qattan, S.Y.; Batiha, G.E.; Khafaga, A.F.; Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E.; Alagawany, M. Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2020, 104, 1835–1850.
  47. Yitbarek, A.; Echeverry, H.; Munyaka, P.; Rodriguez-Lecompte, J. Innate immune response of pullets fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and synbiotics. Poult. Sci. 2015, 94, 1802–1811.
  48. Hatab, M.; Elsayed, M.; Ibrahim, N. Effect of some biological supplementation on productive performance, physiological and immunological response of layer chicks. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 2016, 9, 185–192.
  49. Manafi, M.; Khalaji, S.; Hedayati, M.; Pirany, N. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and bacitracin methylene disalicylate on growth performance, digestibility, blood metabolites, immunity, and intestinal microbiota after intramuscular inoculation with Escherichia coli in broilers. Poult. Sci. 2017, 96, 1174–1183.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Ilyas Ali
View Times: 627
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 12 Dec 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback