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Topic Review
Crustacean Waste-Derived Chitosan
Chitosan is obtained from chitin that in turn is recovered from marine crustacean wastes. The recovery methods and their varying types and the advantages of the recovery methods are briefly discussed. Chitin is the major component of cuticles of insects (cockroach, beetle, true fly, and worm), fungal cell walls (Aspergillus niger, Mucor rouxii, Penicillum notatum, yeast) and green algae. The recovery methods and their varying types and the advantages of the recovery methods are briefly discussed. 
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cerebral Malaria and Treatment
Plasmodium falciparum causes over 90 percent of all malaria infections. Children under the age of 5 years and pregnant women were the most susceptible groups affected by malaria. The World Health Organization (WHO) has characterized malaria as severe and uncomplicated. Delays in the detection and treatment of an uncomplicated infection of P. falciparum malaria lead to complications of severe cerebral malaria (CM). CM is usually caused by P. falciparum, but Plasmodium vivax is rarely responsible for CM complications. CM is a severe neurological complication caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection, resulting in high mortality rates. CM is characterized by brain tissue hemorrhage, the accumulation of infected red blood cells and mononuclear cells in brain microvessels, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. 
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
WebSphere Commerce
IBM WebSphere Commerce also known as WCS (WebSphere Commerce Suite) is a software platform framework for e-commerce, including marketing, sales, customer and order processing functionality in a tailorable, integrated package. It is a single, unified platform which offers the ability to do business directly with consumers (B2C), with businesses (B2B), indirectly through channel partners (indirect business models), or all of these simultaneously. WebSphere Commerce is a customizable, scalable and high availability solution built on the Java - Java EE platform using open standards, such as XML, and Web services. IBM WebSphere Commerce is sometimes referred to as WCS, however this abbreviation was originally used as a reference to the platform when it was named WebSphere Commerce Suite. Use of the abbreviation continued with users and solution implementers after the platform was renamed to WebSphere Commerce with the announcement of WebSphere Commerce V5.4.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Desert Island Discs
Desert Island Discs is a radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4. It was first broadcast on the BBC Forces Programme on 29 January 1942. Each week a guest, called a 'castaway' during the programme, is asked to choose eight recordings (usually, but not always, music), a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island, whilst discussing their lives and the reasons for their choices. It was devised and originally presented by Roy Plomley. Since 2006, the programme has been presented by Kirsty Young. More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded, with some guests having appeared more than once and some episodes featuring more than one guest. An example of a guest who falls into both categories is Bob Monkhouse, who appeared with his co-writer Denis Goodwin on 12 December 1955 and in his own right on 20 December 1998.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reactivity
In chemistry, reactivity is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy. Reactivity refers to: The chemical reactivity of a single substance (reactant) covers its behavior in which it: The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, presence of catalysts) in which it reacts, in combination with the: The term reactivity is related to the concepts of chemical stability and chemical compatibility.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Wladek Minor
Władysław Minor also known as Wladek Minor (born 1946) is a Polish-American biophysicist, a specialist in structural biology and protein crystallography. He is a Harrison Distinguished Professor of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics at the University of Virginia.[1] Minor is a co-author of HKL2000/HKL3000 – crystallographic data processing and structure solution software used to pro
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fluoxetine-Mediated CYP2D6 Inhibition
Fluoxetine is still one of the most widely used antidepressants in the world. The drug is extensively metabolized by several cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and subjected to a myriad of CYP450-mediated drug interactions. In a multidrug regimen, preemptive mitigation of drug–drug interactions requires knowledge of fluoxetine actions on these CYP450 enzymes. The major metabolic pathway of fluoxetine leading to the formation of its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, is mediated by CYP2D6. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are strong affinity substrates of CYP2D6 and can inhibit, potentially through various mechanisms, the metabolism of other sensitive CYP2D6 substrates. Remarkably, fluoxetine-mediated CYP2D6 inhibition subsides long after fluoxetine first passes through the liver and even remains long after the discontinuation of the drug. The long-term inhibition of CYP2D6 is likely a result of competitive inhibition due to 1) the strong affinity binding of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine to the enzyme and 2) unbound fluoxetine and norfluoxetine levels circulating in the blood for a long period of time because of their long elimination half-life.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Structure of Humic Substances
Humic substances (HS) are dominant components of soil organic matter and are recognized as natural, effective growth promoters to be used in sustainable agriculture. In recent years, many efforts have been made to get insights on the relationship between HS chemical structure and their biological activity in plants using combinatory approaches. Relevant results highlight the existence of key functional groups in HS that might trigger positive local and systemic physiological responses via a complex network of hormone-like signaling pathways. The biological activity of HS finely relies on their dosage, origin, molecular size, degree of hydrophobicity and aromaticity, and spatial distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The molecular size of HS also impacts their mode of action in plants, as low molecular size HS can enter the root cells and directly elicit intracellular signals, while high molecular size HS bind to external cell receptors to induce molecular responses. Main targets of HS in plants are nutrient transporters, plasma membrane H+-ATPases, hormone routes, genes/enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, cell division, and development. 
  • 2.2K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Sensor Technologies for Transmission and Distribution Systems
Today sensors have become one of the most essential components of an outage management system in the electrical power grid. The real time monitoring capability of sensors helps in total prevention or reduce the impact of disruptions in the trans-mission and distribution networks. Sensors make condition-based maintenance of the power grid possible which can be cost effective and more efficient than the normal scheduled maintenance in certain cases. Sensors also form a very crucial input facing part for most control and monitoring systems as they are solely responsible for the raw fault data acquisition. Various grid parameters collected from the sensors are important for classification and forecasting purposes to provide better predictive, adaptive, and corrective analysis of the nature of functioning and breakdown of instruments in the transmission and distribution lines. Utilization of assets of the power grid is highly increased with the probabilistic risk assessment or contingency analyses using sensors.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Claudin-2
Claudin-2 is a member of the claudin family of epithelial tight junction proteins expressed mostly in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Its role as a cation-selective and water permeable paracellular channel is well studied. In addition, newly emerging strong evidence also shows that it can modulate proliferation, migration, and cell fate determination. These effects appear to be due to its interactions with cytosolic adapters, that connect it to key signaling pathways. A multitude of new data document dysregulated claudin-2 expression in many pathologies including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. Thus, changes in claudin-2 expression may contribute to the generation, maintenance, and/or progression of diseases through both permeability-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Based on this, efforts are underway to develop therapies targeting claudin-2 with the hope of benefiting patients with a variety of disease. 
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pulse Wave Velocity
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a simple, reproducible and non-invasive technique to assess arterial stiffness. It estimates the velocity of arterial wave propagation to travel a known distance between two anatomic sites within the arterial system [1]. PWV has been established as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is consequently used for diagnosis and prognosis in patients at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [2]; however, PWV's significance relies on the fact that arterial stiffness, specially of muscular arteries can be modified by interventions that improve endothelial function such as exercise training, which makes PWV an important tool for cardiovascular risk management [3].
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Enhancing Lithium-Manganese Oxide Electrochemical Behavior
Lithium manganese oxide is regarded as a capable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but it suffers from relative low conductivity, manganese dissolution in electrolyte and structural distortion from cubic to tetragonal during elevated temperature tests. 
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an essential signaling system in mammal physiology regulating several biological and disease conditions. ECS’s three main components are (i) cannabinoids receptors (CBR) CBR-1 and CBR-2; (ii) signaling molecules that are lipid-based termed the “endocannabinoids” (EC), endogenous ligands of the CBRs; and (iii) enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading ECs. ECS regulates multiple physiological processes, such as brain plasticity and neuronal development, cell death, inflammation, sleep, appetite, pain, and anxiety.
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fog and IoT Driven Healthcare
Technological advancements have made it possible to monitor, diagnose, and treat patients remotely. The vital signs of patients can now be collected with the help of Internet of Things (IoT)-based wearable sensor devices and then uploaded on to a fog server for processing and access by physicians for recommending prescriptions and treating patients through the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. 
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reflection (Computer Programming)
In computer science, reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Earth Shelter
An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth bermed house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls, on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy costs for heating or cooling. Earth sheltering became relatively popular after the mid-1970s, especially among environmentalists. However, the practice has been around for nearly as long as humans have been constructing their own shelters.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bilingualism, Culture, and Executive Functions
Much research to date exploring whether bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in terms of executive functions (EF) often conflates bilingualism with bi/multiculturalism. Here, the researchers review the evidence for why culture should be carefully scrutinised as a critical variable that could mediate bilinguals' EF.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Simulated Reality in Fiction
Simulated reality is a common theme in science fiction. It is predated by the concept "life is a dream". It should not be confused with the theme of virtual reality.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microbial PolyHydroxyAlkanoate Biopolymers
PolyHydroxyAlkanoates (PHAs) fulfil every criterion set out in the definition of a natural polymer or a biopolymer. PHA biopolymers, a group of biopolyesters, are found in nature, and they are biosynthesized using renewable carbon in microbes. PHAs are biodegradable, because nature has the tools to convert them into CO2 and water and about 10% organic fertilizer or humus, the same as in the biodegradation of cellulose or cotton.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Conjugated Block Copolymers
Conjugated block copolymers (cBCPs) refer to block copolymers that contain one or more conjugated polymer segments. It can be a combination of several conjugated polymer segments with different properties, or it can be a combination of conjugated polymer segments and non-conjugated polymer segments. cBCPs not only maintain the advantages of high conductivity and mobility of conjugated polymers, but also demonstrate features of morphological versatility and tunability of block copolymers. cBCPs have a great potential application in organic solar cells, organic field effect transistors, organic light-emitting diodes and other fields.
  • 2.2K
  • 12 Jan 2021
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