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Topic Review
Contamination of Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Environment and Food
More than 7000 synthetic compounds known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are applied to food packaging and other materials to provide fat, fire, and/or water resistance properties. These compounds have exceptional environmental stability and persistence due to the strong C-F chemical bond, earning them the moniker “forever chemicals”. Emission of PFAS from industrial waste leads to water, air, and soil contamination. 
  • 554
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Recovery of Phosphorus and Metals from Waste Ashes
Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a rich source of P, while municipal solid waste incineration fly or bottom ashes (MSWI-FA, MWSI-BA) are rich in metals, especially Zn, Pb, and Cu.
  • 552
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Green Materials in Sustainable Urban Planning
Urban green planning is crucial in promoting sustainable urban ecosystems through the mindful use of vegetation, but few approaches are currently able to account for the ecosystem services provided by urban green planning in ex ante planning applications. Indeed, by estimating the functions exerted by different vegetation elements in urban ecosystems through a purposely developed set of equations, the procedure allows for the optimization of the development of urban plans by maximizing the contribution of vegetation to ecosystem dynamics. Specifically, the proposed methodology is articulated in two phases, i.e., the functional role of vegetation is firstly modeled through simple geometric features and specific ecological traits accounting for plant interactions with the environment, and then the selected vegetation traits are used in guiding the choice of the species. The approach has been exemplified through case studies, thereby highlighting its ability to guide planning decisions based on the type, abundance, and spatial organization of vegetation to promote the sustainability of urban development.
  • 551
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sources of Microorganisms for Bioaugmentation
Bioremediation encompasses a broad range of environmental biotechnologies, which require multidisciplinary approaches through implementation of innovative tools to the natural biological processes occurring in soil, water, and air. The addition of microbial biomass (bacteria, fungi, and their secreted enzymes) to contaminated areas, i.e., the process of bioaugmentation, can be adapted to the green environment and can notably improve an area’s pollutant removal efficiency (RE), as well as reduce their removal time and costs.
  • 544
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Reduction and Pollution Control Effect of IIG
The coordinated promotion of pollution control and carbon reduction is intended to build a more beautiful China. Intelligent industrial technology plays an important role in the fight against climate change and in improving the ecological environment. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2020, researchers used a two-way fixed effects model to evaluate the synergistic effects of industrial intelligent transformation on pollution control and carbon reduction and its mechanisms.
  • 544
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Analytical Probabilistic Models in Urban Runoff Control Systems
Urban stormwater is known to cause a myriad of problems, ranging from flooding to water quality degradations. analytical probabilistic model (APMs) are closed-form mathematical expressions representing a long-term system’s output performance derived from the probability distribution of the system’s input variables. Once derived, the APMs are easy to handle, allow for sensitive analysis, and can be co-opted into optimization frameworks. The implementation of APM in the planning and design of runoff control systems will not only help address the runoff quantity and quality problems of urban stormwater, but will also go a long way in optimizing the benefits derived from the systems. 
  • 541
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mercury Interactions with Natural Phytoplankton
The biogeochemical cycling of mercury in aquatic environments is a complex process driven by various factors, such as ambient temperature, seasonal variations, methylating bacteria activity, dissolved oxygen levels, and Hg interaction with dissolved organic matter (DOM). As a consequence, part of the Hg contamination from anthropogenic activity that was buried in sediments is reinserted into water columns mainly in highly toxic organic Hg forms (methylmercury, dimethylmercury, etc.). This is especially prominent in the coastal shallow waters of industrial regions worldwide. 
  • 538
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Farmers in Adopting Climate Adaptation Measures in Itay
Concerns raised about climate risks on agriculture indicate that adaptation of the agricultural sector to climate change is necessary to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. Despite many opportunities to implement climate adaptation measures at farm level, there are several obstacles to their adoption. Farmers’ decision to implement adaptation measures lies in the difficulty of accessing knowledge about adaptation practices and in the lack of resources for upfront investments required by adaptation.
  • 526
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Climatic Threats and Adaptation of Marine Biodiversity
Oceans play a vital role in socioeconomic and environmental development by supporting activities such as tourism, recreation, and food provision while providing important ecosystem services. However, concerns have been raised about the threat that climate change poses to the functions of oceans.
  • 519
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ecosystem Services in Forest Remnants
Analyzing the landscape configuration factors where they are located can ensure a more accurate spatial assessment of the supply of ecosystem services. It can also show if the benefits promoted by ecosystems depend not only on the supply of these services but also on the demand, the cultural values, and the interest of the society where they are located.
  • 508
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles in Estuarine Environments
The factors that can influence the biological responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exposure are temperature, feeding, reproductive status and salinity. These influences have only been studied to a limited extent and there is a limited comprehensive understanding of EMPs’ impact on estuary environments and their risk assessment. Salinity is the major parameter that is responsible for the stress of estuarine organisms and influences the toxicological effects of ENMs.
  • 504
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Dynamic Groundwater Contamination Vulnerability Assessment Techniques
Assuring the quantity and quality of groundwater resources is essential for the well-being of human and ecological health, society, and the economy. For the last few decades, groundwater vulnerability modeling techniques have become essential for groundwater protection and management. Groundwater contamination is highly dynamic due to its dependency on recharge, which is a function of time-dependent parameters such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the time-series analysis in the “approximation” process to model the dynamic vulnerability of groundwater contamination. 
  • 501
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Indigenous Persons
Indigenous actors have a myriad experiences because of the wildly different areas they inhabit across the globe and they bring a wide variety of experiences that Western science is beginning to include in its research of climate change and its solutions.
  • 496
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the World Climate Research Programme intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes. GEWEX is a collaboration of researchers worldwide to find better ways of studying the water cycle and how it transforms energy through the atmosphere. If the Earth's climates were identical from year to year, then people could predict when, where and what crops to plant. However, instability created by solar variation, weather trends, and chaotic events create weather that is unpredictable on seasonal scales. Through weather patterns such as droughts and higher rainfall these cycles impact ecosystems and human activities. GEWEX is designed to collect a much greater amount of data, and see if better models of that data can forecast weather and climate change into the future. GEWEX is organized into several structures. As GEWEX was conceived projects were organized by participating factions, this task is now done by the International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO). IGPO oversees major initiatives and coordinates between national projects in an effort to bring about communication of researchers. IGPO claims to support communication exchange between 2000 scientist and is the instrument for publication of major reports. The Scientific Steering Group organizes the projects and assigns them to panels, which oversee progress and provide critique. The Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project (CEOP) the 'Hydrology Project' is a major instrument in GEWEX. This panel includes geographic study areas such as the Climate Prediction Program for the Americas operated by NOAA, but also examines several types of climate zones (e.g. high altitude and semi-arid). Another panel, the GEWEX Radiation Panel oversees the coordinated use of satellites and ground-based observation to better estimate energy and water fluxes. One recent result GEWEX's Radiation panel has assessed data on rainfall for the last 25 years and determined that global rainfall is 2.61 mm/day with a small statistical variation. While the study period is short, after 25 years of measurement regional trends are beginning to appear. The GEWEX Modeling and Prediction Panel takes current models and analyzes the models when climate forcing phenomena occur (global warming as an example of a 'climate forcing' event). GEWEX is now the core project of WCRP.
  • 488
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Nano-ZnO in the Biological Nitrogen Removal Process
Engineered nano-ZnO is extensively utilized in both production and daily life, leading to its inevitable entry into the wastewater treatment system through various pathways. Nitrogen removal microorganisms in wastewater treatment systems are highly susceptible to environmental impacts. The antibacterial properties of nano-ZnO can impede the biological nitrogen removal (BNR) process and adversely affect the nitrogen removal performance. A comprehensive understanding of the inhibitory effect and mechanism of nano-ZnO on the BNR process is crucial in devising appropriate countermeasures to ensure optimal nitrogen removal performance. 
  • 455
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ecosystem-Services Provided by Microbiota in Vineyards and Wines
The progression in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is helping to facilitate the identification of microbial dynamics during winemaking. These advancements have aided winemakers in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microbiota in the fermentation process, which, in turn, is ultimately responsible for the delivery of provisioning (wine features and its production), regulating (such as carbon storage by vineyards, regulation of soil quality, and biocontrol of pests and diseases) or cultural (such as aesthetic values of vineyard landscapes, scholarly enjoyment of wine, and a sense of belonging in wine-growing regions) ecosystem services. Ecosystem services can be defined as the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and their component species sustain and enable human life. The main classifications group them into three broad categories: provisioning, regulating, and cultural.
  • 444
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Practices for Agricultural Climate Neutrality
Regarding the achievement of worldwide agricultural climate neutrality, the focus is on a worldwide net-zero emission of cradle-to-farmgate greenhouse gases (GHGs), while, when appropriate, including the biogeophysical impacts of practices on the longwave radiation balance. 
  • 434
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Utilization Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass
Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) for bioenergy production has been widely investigated in the previous decades, as it provides an excellent environmentally friendly alternative to non-renewable energy sources. There are numerous procedures to convert plant-based biomass into usable feedstock or valuable energy carriers, such as C5 and C6 sugars, organic acids, or more commonly, bioethanol and biogas. 
  • 422
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Water Pollution and Treatment Technologies
Water pollution is a global problem that poses risks to both the environment and human health. Water pollutants can be diverse, including physical, chemical, and biological substances, both natural and synthetic. Water treatment and purification are two of the most researched environmental topics currently. The water treatment process involves a series of steps and approaches that can be physical and/or chemical, including filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, precipitation, coagulation, gravitation, flocculation, microbial degradation, oxidation, electrolysis, crystallization, distillation, photocatalysis, chelation, and adsorption, among others. Membrane systems are one of the most reliable and widely used technologies for removing contaminants from water due to their high efficiency at low cost. Currently, a considerable amount of research has been conducted on the design of novel, cost-effective, and versatile antibacterial membranes with customized properties for water purification.
  • 417
  • 25 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Damaged Sandstone Used in the Cathedral of Huesca
In order to manage problems arising from rainwater/rock interaction in Miocene sandstones (calcareous litharenites) widely used in various monuments of the Ebro Valley (NE of Spain), a survey has been conducted with particular application to the building and architectural decorative materials of the Cathedral of Huesca.
  • 414
  • 23 Feb 2024
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