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Topic Review
Nitric Oxide as an Inhibitor of Postharvest Senescence
Horticultural products display fast senescence after harvest at ambient temperatures, resulting in decreased quality and shorter shelf life. As a gaseous signal molecule, nitric oxide (NO) has an important physiological effect on plants. Specifically, in the area of NO and its regulation of postharvest senescence, tremendous progress has been made.  The following summarizes NO synthesis; the effect of NO in alleviating postharvest senescence; the mechanism of NO-alleviated senescence; and its interactions with other signaling molecules, such as ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), melatonin (MT), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen gas (H2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and calcium ions (Ca2+). The aim of this text is to provide theoretical references for the application of NO in postharvest senescence in horticultural products.
  • 455
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant Growth Regulators Used in Ornamental Geophytes
Geophytes are a very important group among ornamental plants, for which more and more plant growth regulators (PGRs) are being used to improve the plant quality, flowering intensity, and vase life of flowers and leaves. PGRs constitute a large group of naturally occurring or synthetically produced organic chemical compounds. There are many factors that influence the efficiency of PGRs, and the method of their application plays a key role in determining their success. In the case of geophytes, the most common method of application is spraying and soaking the storage organs before planting. 
  • 454
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Foliar Nutrition with Organic Acids
As a result of global warming related to the development of industry and agriculture, the proportion of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased, and temperatures have risen to un-precedented levels. As a result, heat stress, aridity, and salinity in soil has increased, leading to significant research focused on soil deterioration and reduced agricultural productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the means to maintain crop productivity. Agricultural research is seeking novel solutions that guarantee stability and increase the production and quality of crops, including innovative models for feeding crops using non-traditional methods, the most important of which is nourishing plants via their leaves to ensure the cessation of their soil consumption. It is considered an integrated pest-control method, and the technique could be included in plant nutrition. Foliar nutrition has been shown to be a perfect substitute for providing secondary nutrients and micronutrients to plants; however, it cannot be substituted for the fertigation or the fertilization of maintain the soil’s macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). 
  • 451
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Two BAHD Acetyltransferases in Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton
Volatile benzenoid compounds are found in diverse aromatic bouquets emitted by most moth-pollinated flowers. The night-blooming Jasminum sambac is widely cultivated worldwide in the tropics and subtropics for ornamental and industrial purposes owing to its fragrant flowers. 
  • 434
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas as Genome-Editing Technique in Fruit Tree Breeding
CRISPR (short for “Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats”) is a technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. CRISPR was adapted for use in the laboratory from the naturally occurring genome-editing systems found in bacteria.
  • 421
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for an Apple Orchard
The life-cycle cost analysis is a method used to assess long-term economic efficiency among equivalent competing processes or products. It is accepted that the role of the organic farming system is to produce fresh and authentic agri-food products and, at the same time, to protect and conserve the environment. For an apple orchard operated in an organic system, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was performed within a system boundary, starting from the establishment stage of the orchard until the transportation stage, from the field to the warehouse and from the warehouse to retail stores for a 20-year life span of the orchard.
  • 405
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Crop Fertigation in Closed Soilless Systems
Inappropriate fertilisation results in the pollution of water resources with nitrates and phosphates, eutrophication in surface water, emission of greenhouse gasses, and unwanted N deposition in natural environments, thereby harming the whole ecosystem. Cultivation in closed soilless systems entails recycling of the fertigation effluents thus eliminating nutrient emissions to the environment and concomitantly pollution of water resources with nitrates and phosphates.
  • 378
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Self-Incompatibility in Brassica Vegetables
Brassica vegetables are very important to human beings. Self-incompatibility (SI) is a common phenomenon in Brassica. Breeding by SI lines is an important way to utilize heterosis of Brassica vegetables. It is believed that the SI inheritance in Brassica species is controlled by three linkage genes on the S-locus, including SRK (S-locus receptor kinase), SCR (S-locus cystine-rich protein)/SP11 (S-locus protein 11), and SLG (S-locus glycoprotein). SRK is the female determinant and SCR/SP11 is the pollen S gene. The expression of SLG is necessary for SRK, and it enhances the SRK-mediated SI reaction. In addition to these three S-locus genes, some other functional molecules also have significant regulatory effects on SI, such as ARC1 (arm repeat containing 1), MLPK (M-locus protein kinase), Exo70A1 (exocyst compounds), THLl/THL2 (thioredoxin H-like), MOD (aquaporin), SLR (S-locus-related glycoprotein), BPCI (pollen calcium-binding protein I), etc. SI is also associated with the dominant/recessive relationship between S alleles.
  • 377
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Management of Colletotrichum orbiculare
The fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare causes watermelon anthracnose and is an important pathogen of watermelon in the United States, causing a significant impact on yield and quality of the produce. The application of fungicides as preventative and post-occurrence control measures is currently being deployed by growers. Further study of the genetic and molecular basis of anthracnose resistance will help in guiding future watermelon breeding strategies. Several conserved virulence factors (effectors) in C. orbiculare have been reported to interact with the host, at times impairing the host immune machinery. 
  • 371
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Pest Management Practices
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a wide-ranging strategy that involves tactics for the structural control of pests and diseases, also known as integrated pest control (IPC). The practice of IPM involves adopting ecosystem-based approaches to crop production and protection as it combines diverse management strategies and techniques to promote healthy crop growth while reducing the need for pesticides.
  • 369
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone
Plants, the cornerstone of life on Earth, are constantly struggling with a number of challenges arising from both biotic and abiotic stressors. To overcome these adverse factors, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms involving both a number of cell signaling pathways and a complex network of interactions with microorganisms. Among these interactions, the relationship between symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and strigolactones (SLs) stands as an important interplay that has a significant impact on increased resistance to environmental stresses and improved nutrient uptake and the subsequent enhanced plant growth.
  • 362
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Harvest Sprouting Trait in Vegetable Crop Seeds
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a botanical occurrence during which seeds germinate on the plant before harvest without, or after, a short dormancy. Vegetables are rich in essential nutrients that contribute to maintaining human health and fulfilling our nutritional requirements. Vegetable crops often face the challenge of PHS, which can significantly influence the economic viability and the quantity of high-quality vegetable seeds produced.
  • 362
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Post-Harvest Technological Advances and Ripening Techniques for Peach
Post-harvest handling and ripening techniques have an impact on peach quality and shelf life, which has a big impact on consumer satisfaction and market competitiveness.
  • 346
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phytochemical Composition of Prunus spinosa L.
Prunus spinosa L. is a perennial, thorny shrub, highly decorative for landscape and forest edges, belonging to the Rosaceae family, genus Prunus, representing one of the ancestors of P. domestica. Modern phytotherapeutics emphasizes the benefits of consuming parts or products based on the Prunus spinosa L. shrub, as it is considered a plant with functional nutritional and therapeutic properties, remarkable in various pathologies with increasing incidence. Up to now, research has shown that the polyphenols found in large amounts in the fruits of P. spinosa L. are biofunctional compounds. These include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarin derivatives.
  • 336
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Involvement of Selenium in Regulating Plant Ecosystems
Selenium is an essential trace mineral nutrient for humans and animals and has important functions in enhancing immunity, scavenging free radicals in the body, and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Selenium deficiency poses a great risk to human health, triggering macrosomia, immune deficiency, impaired fertility, Keshan disease, and Kashin–Beck disease. However, excessive Se intake also causes selenosis, the main symptoms of which are respiratory distress, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Selenium is widely but heterogeneously distributed in the natural environment, and soil total Se content is significantly correlated with the soil parent material and climatic conditions. The average total Se content of soil around the world ranges from 0.1 mg·kg−1 to 2.0 mg·kg−1, and the median concentration in Chinese soils is 0.219 mg·kg−1. In the typically Se-rich areas in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, the Se content in the topsoil is 0.84 ± 1.39 mg·kg−1. Soil Se deficiency zones are widespread across the globe, and currently approximately 0.5–1.0 billion people are at risk of Se deficiency. For example, most of China’s land is a Se-deficient zone. T.
  • 283
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Postharvest Diseases Management of Fruits and Vegetables
Sustainable agriculture requires factors to directly stimulate plant growth and induce the plant’s innate immune system to protect against stresses. Protection of plants is one of the main approaches to the supply of food resource. Furthermore, improved techniques for plant disease management must be environmentally sustainable, reliable, acceptable by society, and chemical-free to ensure sustainable food security. Although it is not possible to accurately determine postharvest losses due to diseases and physiological disorders, the use of proper harvesting and transportation methods that minimize damage to the product, along with optimal storage conditions that prevent the development of diseases, will be effective in reducing these postharvest losses. Since handling and storage conditions are potential threats for postharvest spoilage, it is necessary to identify environmentally friendly approaches and their precision mechanisms for postharvest disease management. Biological control, non-chemical, and eco-friendly techniques have been investigated for this purpose.
  • 279
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cuttings of Malus Rootstock Resources
Apple (Malus Mill.) is one of the most important fruits in China, and it boasts the world’s largest cultivation area and yield. It needs to be grafted onto rootstocks to maintain a variety of characteristics. China has many apple rootstock resources that exhibit high resistance and strong adaptability; for these reasons, they are highly suited to China’s complex and diverse natural environment. In China, apple rootstock breeding began in the 1970s, and now, several rootstocks, such as the ‘GM256’ and ‘SH’ series, are widely used.
  • 251
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MAPK Signaling in Fruit Ripening and Quality Formation
Fleshy fruit ripening is a unique biological process that involves dramatic changes in a diverse array of cellular metabolisms. The regulation of these metabolisms is essentially mediated by cellular signal transduction of internal (e.g., hormones) and external cues (i.e., environmental stimuli). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways play crucial roles in a diverse array of biological processes, such as plant growth, development and biotic/abiotic responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that MAPK signaling pathways are also implicated in fruit ripening and quality formation.
  • 193
  • 12 Mar 2024
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