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Topic Review
Interval Training and the Immune System
Interval training (IT) is a popular training strategy recognized by its positive effects on metabolic and cardiovascular system. However, there seems no consensus regarding the effects of IT on immune system parameters. Therefore, researchers aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of IT on the immune system. As our many findings, an IT acutely promote a transitory change on immune cell count followed by reduced function. The magnitude of these changes seems to vary in accordance with IT type. On the other hand, the regular practice of IT might contribute to improve immune function without apparent change on immune cell count.
  • 770
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound Imaging-Based Methods for Assessing Biological Maturity
Bone maturity is an indicator for estimating the biological maturity of an individual. During adolescence, individuals show heterogeneous growth rates, and thus, differences in biological maturity should be considered in talent identification and development. Radiography of the left hand and wrist is considered the gold standard of biological maturity estimation. The use of ultrasound imaging (US) may be advantageous; however, its validity and reliability are under discussion.
  • 746
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Glycaemic Index and Substrate Metabolism in Athletes
Nutrition has a decisive influence on athletic performance. However, it is not only the nutrient intake during exercise that is important, but the daily diet must also be adapted to the requirements of physical activity in order to optimally promote training adaptations. The targeted modification of macronutrient intake is a common method of influencing substrate metabolism, fuel selection, and performance.
  • 746
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Stress Fractures in Sport
The term stress fracture is familiar to many doctors, therapists and athletes. Stress fractures, either partial or complete, are common overuse injuries caused by a repetitive submaximal bone loading. The location of the stress fracture varies from sport to sport, but is most commonly observed in the lower extremities. They are particularly common in the physically active individuals including but not limited to track and field athletes, long distance runners, dancers, and military recruits. 
  • 743
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Metabolomics
Metabolomics is a combined set of strategies to identify and quantify cellular metabolites using advanced analytical tools. This is typically achieved through the use of liquid or gas chromatography, which allows for the detection of individual metabolites through their specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and their fragmentation in a mass spectrometer. By matching detected metabolites against databases of known metabolites, it is possible to identify the specific metabolites altered by exercise in a biological sample.
  • 727
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
The term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was defined in the 1980s to describe exceeding hepatocellular triacylglycerol accumulation in absence of significant alcohol intake, viral and autoimmune liver disease. The course of NAFLD was long thought to follow the so-called “two hit hypothesis. Manifestation of bland steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) was defined as first hit, while signs of liver inflammation, hepatocyte injury and fibrosis, becoming evident in varying percentages of patients, were proposed as succeeding second hit. Presence of these pathologies can be evaluated histologically, using defined staging and grading systems, and is termed then nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Steatosis can alternatively be evaluated by noninvasive approaches.
  • 724
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Complete Spinal Cord Injury
Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent motor, sensitive and sensory deficits. In humans, there is currently no therapy to promote recovery and the only available treatments include surgical intervention to prevent further damage and symptomatic relief of pain and infections in the acute and chronic phases, respectively. Basically, the spinal cord is classically viewed as a nonregenerative tissue with limited plasticity. Thereby the establishment of the “glial” scar which appears within the SCI is mainly described as a hermetic barrier for axon regeneration. However, recent discoveries have shed new light on the intrinsic functional plasticity and endogenous recovery potential of the spinal cord.
  • 723
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Exercise on Vascular Health
Accelerated biological vascular ageing is still a major driver of the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exercise training delays this process, known as early vascular ageing, but often lacks effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of molecular and clinical adaptations to specific stimuli. 
  • 708
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms in Sports-Related Concussions
Formerly referred to as “post-concussion syndrome”, the term persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) was forwarded in the Berlin Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport (2016), in part due to the stigma surrounding the term “syndrome”. This was loosely defined as concussion symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks in children and 4 weeks in adults, a definition later adopted by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) in 2019. In the latest Amsterdam consensus statement, the PPCS definition was updated to denote symptoms lasting for >4 weeks in all age groups.
  • 703
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) Supplementation in Sports Training: A Systematic Review
The aim of this systematic review is to study the effects of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) supplementation for sports activity and physical performance. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for relevant studies from inception up until October 2023. Eleven clinical studies were considered eligible for inclusion (six of them involved the administration of Huangqi alone, while, in the remaining trials, this herb was supplemented in combination with other remedies). On average, the number of study participants ranged from 8 to 120, and the sports activities practiced by the subjects included martial arts, mountain hiking, basketball, rowing, running, aerobic exercises, and strength training. When a dried extract was used, Astragalus was taken at a daily dose of 1 to 4 g for several weeks. Huangqi supplementation was associated with improvements in aerobic performance, oxidative status, reticulocytes percentage, and response to acclimatization, without a specific effect on the athletes’ strength. Better post-exercise immune functions were also observed, especially with regard to NK cell activity, IL-2 levels, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and lymphocyte turnover. No adverse effects were described. In conclusion, Astragalus supplementation has the potential to decrease fatigue, enhance aerobic performance, and mitigate post-exercise immune suppression in athletes. It is advisable to conduct additional research on the subject to enhance the robustness of the existing evidence through larger-scale controlled trials.
  • 687
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Training Muscle Capacities in Hypoxic Conditions
Training muscle capacities in hypoxic conditions increases some manifestations, such as hypertrophy and muscle strength, due to a change in the muscle phenotype as a result of the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Despite the proven benefits of resistance training in hypoxic conditions that allow conjecture regarding the effectiveness in facilitating muscular capacities in different populations, there is still controversy regarding the difference between resistance training in hypoxia and normoxia. 
  • 681
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Concussions in Rugby Union
Concussions in England's professional rugby union are the most common injury received. Concussion can occur where an individual experiences an impact to the head. Commonly occurring in high contact sporting activities; American football, boxing, and rugby. It can also occur in recreational activities like horse riding, jumping, cycling, and skiing. The reason being that it doesn't have to be something to strike you in the proximity of your brain, but can also be caused by rapid change of movement, giving the skull not enough time to move with your body, causing your brain to press against your skull. With rugby being such a contact and fast moving sport, it is no wonder why there is concussion and other head injuries occurring. With the development of equipment and training methods, these will help benefit the players on the field know what could happen and how they can help with preventing it.
  • 637
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
The entry provides a comprehensive overview of Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), a significant orthopedic procedure. It begins by highlighting the persistent threat of VTEs despite improvements in surgical techniques and preventive measures. The prevalence and incidence of VTEs are discussed, showcasing a notable decrease over the years. The clinical significance of VTEs, including their impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs, is emphasized, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. Various risk factors contributing to VTE development post-TKA are explored, including demographic factors, cardiopulmonary status, preoperative mobilization status, and malignancy. The section on prevention outlines existing guidelines and challenges, with a focus on the efficacy and safety of aspirin as a prophylactic agent. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to address VTEs in TKA, encompassing evidence-based guidelines, personalized patient care, and strategies to enhance adherence to preventive measures.
  • 597
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Exercise Training in Managing Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, with concomitant absence of insulin secretion or reduced sensitivity to its metabolic effects. Physical activity (PA) is normally suggested in the management of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus and can improve glucose uptake by increasing insulin sensitivity, glucose transportation into the cells, and lowering body adiposity.
  • 589
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Conceptualization and Implementation of Proposed On-Water Rowing System
In competitive rowing, the finish time of a typical 2000 m race is governed by many factors during the course. These influencing factors are broadly known as rowing kinetics. They refer to biomechanical parameters concerned with the movement of the athlete’s body and the reaction of the boat equipment (oars, seat) to such input. The rapid advancements in multi-sensor technologies and data processing techniques opened widely the road for the development of specialized monitoring systems to fulfill the requirements for numerous applications.
  • 580
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exercise Stress Echocardiography in Athletes
Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a crucial diagnostic tool, offering detailed insights into an athlete’s cardiac function, reserve, and possible arrhythmias.
  • 551
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Multi-Modal Approach to Mitigating Hamstring Injuries in Division I College Football Athletes
Hamstring injuries (HSIs) are prevalent in sports that involve changes in direction, kicking, and sprinting. These injuries are a major cause of time lost from competition, practice, and training, as well as increased healthcare costs. In a Division I collegiate football program, the authors implemented a multifactorial approach that included repeated performance assessments, detailed data analysis, and a flexible strength and conditioning regimen. Over a three-year period, this resulted in no game time loss due to HSI. This model can be adapted and implemented across sports settings.
  • 517
  • 30 Sep 2024
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