Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRBSO) is the gold standard preventative option for BRCA mutation carriers at high risk for ovarian and breast cancer. RRBSO involves the surgical removal of both ovaries, as well as fallopian tubes, as fallopian tubes are increasingly being recognized as the site of origin for the most common and lethal form of ovarian cancer, high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) reccomend people with BRCA1 mutations to indergo RRBSO between the ages of 35 to 40 and upon completion of childbearing. Since the onset of ovarian cancer among BRCA2 mutations carriers is approximately 8 to 10 years later than in BRCA1 mutations carriers, the recommended timing of RRBSO is delayed to ages 40 to 45. Despite the effectiveness of undergoing RRBSO at the recommended age, it also induces immediate surgical menopause with an abrupt and significant decline in levels of sex hormones. As a result, surgical menopause is associated with various adverse physical, mental, and cognitive health outcomes. 
  • 423
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Determinants of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain
Cancer-related pain is arguably the most common consequences of this disease, significantly reducing quality of life and affecting the ability to complete everyday tasks and live a normal life. Among these, cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is one of the most prevalent, presenting as movement-related, constant or most commonly, in combination. Bone metastases can then induce CIBP in several ways, many of which are still under investigation. Indeed, bone is a richly innervated tissue, and sensitive neurons can be found in both the periosteum and the bone marrow.
  • 421
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Third-Generation Antipsychotics and Lurasidone in Substance-Induced Psychoses Treatment
Substance-induced psychosis (SIP) is a psychiatric condition triggered by substance misuse or withdrawal, characterized by unique features distinct from those of primary psychotic disorders. These distinctive features include a heightened prevalence of positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, in addition to a spectrum of mood and cognitive disturbances. 
  • 416
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genomic Approaches to Cancer Screening in Primary Care
Genomic tests are being developed for use in cancer screening. As most screening is offered in primary care settings, primary care provider and patient perceptions of such tests are likely to affect uptake. 
  • 415
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Screening
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of study that attempts to replicate natural human intelligence in machines. The machines can then independently perform activities that would otherwise require human intelligence. AI can be broken down into several subsets, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). Primary care has the potential to be transformed by artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML). Healthcare professionals can identify diseases at an early and curable stage by using ML models to examine medical pictures, diagnostic modalities, and spot patterns that may suggest disease or anomalies. Before the onset of symptoms, ML can be used to identify people at an increased risk of developing specific disorders or diseases. ML algorithms can assess patient data such as medical history, genetics, and lifestyle factors to identify those at higher risk. This enables targeted interventions such as lifestyle adjustments or early screening. 
  • 414
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis are various and involve pro-inflammatory agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, adipokines, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1 activation, increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activity, immunomodulation, and alteration of the gut microbiota.
  • 412
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bempedoic Acid and Statins in Lipid-Lowering Strategy
Pharmacological research has led to the development of a new drug, the bempedoic acid, which further enrich the available therapies. This drug also acts on the biosynthesis of cholesterol but at upstream level than statins. From the biochemical point of view, it has the potential to be considered before the statin with consequent titration of statins to achieve the desirable LDL-C target. 
  • 411
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Overeating
It is found that stress and the family environment can affect overeating, but less is known about how COVID-19 stressors and family health may affect overeating during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
  • 400
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Classifier and Its Role in Supporting MDD
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lung interstitium, leading to a wide range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Over the years, the literature has demonstrated the increased diagnostic accuracy and confidence associated with a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) in assessing diseases involving lung parenchyma. This approach was recently emphasized by the latest guidelines from the American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Latin American Thoracic Association for the diagnosis of ILDs.
  • 384
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Microbiome and Cancer Development
Changes in the microbiome also induce complex changes in human cells. From a biological perspective, the normal cervicovaginal microbiome is composed mainly of Lactobacillus spp., thus exhibiting low bacterial diversity and protecting against carcinogenesis through various mechanisms. The lactobacilli secrete lactic acid, and the low vaginal pH promotes healthy local homeostasis. The lactobacilli also secrete cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and other metabolites that protect the local epithelium. They promote a healthy level of physiological inflammation that stimulates the immune system to fight against pathogens. On the other hand, the dysbiotic cervicovaginal microbiome exhibits a high diversity of microorganisms, primarily obligate and strict anaerobes, that lead to a high vaginal pH. The bacteria promote the disruption of the epithelial barrier and secrete various metabolites and enzymes such as sialidase, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other carcinogenic metabolites that lead to chronic inflammation and a dysregulated local metabolism. Further down the line, they also lead to genotoxicity and genomic instability, as well as altered proliferation and altered apoptosis. The dysbiotic environment also promotes angiogenesis. The chronic inflammation activates immune cells that secrete even more proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 or Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in even more reactive oxygen species that further promote carcinogenic mechanisms. Hence, there are many different mechanisms through which the microbiota can impact carcinogenesis.
  • 383
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity and Mediterranean Diet in Cancer
A healthy diet and an active lifestyle are both effective ways to prevent, manage, and treat many diseases, including cancer. A healthy, well-balanced diet not only ensures that the body gets the right amount of nutrients to meet its needs, but it also lets the body get substances that protect against and/or prevent certain diseases. It is now clear that obesity is linked to long-term diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
  • 381
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 379
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
How Immune Responses Are Regulated
Most basic studies directed at how immune responses are regulated employ chemically “simple antigens”, usually purified proteins. The target antigens in many clinical situations, such as in autoimmunity, infectious diseases and cancer, are chemically “complex”, consisting of several distinct molecules, and they often are part of a replicating entity. 
  • 375
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a cluster of several cardio-metabolic risk factors, specifically visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, which together increase risks of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
  • 370
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Types of Breast Cancer Imaging
Cancer is an incurable disease based on unregulated cell division. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and early detection can lower death rates. Medical images can be used to find important information for locating and diagnosing breast cancer. The best information for identifying and diagnosing breast cancer comes from medical pictures.
  • 369
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ordinary Teachers' Evidence-Based Intervention on Mental Health Literacy
The immediate effect of the intervention on promoting students’ mental health knowledge was significant, but the amount of delay effect is not significant. Ordinary classroom teachers can effectively participate in projects to improve students’ mental health literacy, significantly improve students’ mental health knowledge and attitudes towards psychological problems, and make up for the shortage of full-time mental health teachers in schools. More attention should be paid to students’ mental health literacy, and evidence-based intervention research should be strengthened. Furthermore, researchers can improve students’ mental health literacy and avoid poor mental health by addressing delays in early intervention, as well as improve experimental design, prolong the intervention time, and improve the effectiveness of the intervention.
  • 365
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antifungal-Resistance Mechanisms of Aspergillus spp
Infections due to the Aspergillus species constitute an important challenge for human health. Invasive aspergillosis represents a life-threatening disease, mostly in patients with immune defects. Drugs used for fungal infections comprise amphotericin B, triazoles, and echinocandins. However, an increased emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus strains has been reported, principally belonging to Aspergillus fumigatus species. Therefore, both the early diagnosis of aspergillosis and its epidemiological surveillance are very important to establish the correct antifungal therapy and to ensure a successful patient outcome.
  • 365
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Association between Music and Language in Children
Music and language are two complex systems that specifically characterize the human communication toolkit.
  • 364
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk of Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy, as a hormone-based treatment, comes with a few side effects. Some of the most common include decreased bone density and fracture, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, hot flashes, metabolic effects (weight gain, increased body fat, insulin resistance), and cardiovascular (CV) effects. Recent research has focused on the increased risk of CV events associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) . Numerous studies have found increased incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, arrhythmia, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in men receiving ADT. Cardiovascular disease is already the second leading cause of death in men with prostate cancer. It is estimated that two-thirds of men with prostate cancer (PCa) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is crucial to mitigate increased CV risk in a patient population already at high-risk for CVD.
  • 362
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Febrile Diseases with Fuzzy Cognitive Map
Febrile diseases are fever-based diseases with similar and overlapping symptoms that are often confusable and difficult to differentiate. They are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity, and evaporation contribute immensely to promoting the spread. The fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) model to serve as a decision-support tool for medical health workers in the diagnosis of febrile diseases. 
  • 347
  • 13 Jul 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 7
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback