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Topic Review
Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes Resulting from IVF Pregnancies
The number of pregnancies achieved using in vitro fertilization (IVF) is rapidly increasing around the world. The chance of obtaining a successful pregnancy is also significantly improved due to technological advances and improvement in infertility treatment. Despite this success, there is evidence that pregnancy conceived by IVF has an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcome mainly represented by the development of hypertensive diseases, pre-eclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Although different cofactors may play a role in the genesis of these diseases, the development of the placenta has a pivotal function in determining pregnancy outcomes.
  • 812
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatric Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Beginning with the various strategies of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to invade the bodies and manifest infection, and ending with the long COVID, people are witnessing the evolving course of the disease in addition to the pandemic. Given the partially controlled course of the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest challenge lies in managing the short- and long-term complications of COVID-19.
  • 811
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used to alleviate the intensity of pain and involves the delivery of pulsed electrical currents across the skin to stimulate peripheral nerves. 
  • 786
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk of Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy, as a hormone-based treatment, comes with a few side effects. Some of the most common include decreased bone density and fracture, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, hot flashes, metabolic effects (weight gain, increased body fat, insulin resistance), and cardiovascular (CV) effects. Recent research has focused on the increased risk of CV events associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) . Numerous studies have found increased incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, arrhythmia, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in men receiving ADT. Cardiovascular disease is already the second leading cause of death in men with prostate cancer. It is estimated that two-thirds of men with prostate cancer (PCa) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is crucial to mitigate increased CV risk in a patient population already at high-risk for CVD.
  • 778
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antifungal-Resistance Mechanisms of Aspergillus spp
Infections due to the Aspergillus species constitute an important challenge for human health. Invasive aspergillosis represents a life-threatening disease, mostly in patients with immune defects. Drugs used for fungal infections comprise amphotericin B, triazoles, and echinocandins. However, an increased emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus strains has been reported, principally belonging to Aspergillus fumigatus species. Therefore, both the early diagnosis of aspergillosis and its epidemiological surveillance are very important to establish the correct antifungal therapy and to ensure a successful patient outcome.
  • 772
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Behavioral Management for Managing Stressors in Primates
Primates involved in biomedical research experience stressors related to captivity, close contact with caregivers, and may be exposed to various medical procedures while modeling clinical disease or interventions under study. Behavioral management is used to promote behavioral flexibility in less complex captive environments and train coping skills to reduce stress. How animals perceive their environment and interactions is the basis of subjective experience and has a major impact on welfare. Certain traits, such as temperament and species, can affect behavioral plasticity and learning.
  • 771
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a cluster of several cardio-metabolic risk factors, specifically visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, which together increase risks of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
  • 762
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
The Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Screening
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of study that attempts to replicate natural human intelligence in machines. The machines can then independently perform activities that would otherwise require human intelligence. AI can be broken down into several subsets, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). Primary care has the potential to be transformed by artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML). Healthcare professionals can identify diseases at an early and curable stage by using ML models to examine medical pictures, diagnostic modalities, and spot patterns that may suggest disease or anomalies. Before the onset of symptoms, ML can be used to identify people at an increased risk of developing specific disorders or diseases. ML algorithms can assess patient data such as medical history, genetics, and lifestyle factors to identify those at higher risk. This enables targeted interventions such as lifestyle adjustments or early screening. 
  • 756
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diabetes Screening in a Dental Setting
With type 2 diabetes prevalence increasing globally, and the condition associated with many acute and chronic complications, oppurtunistic screening for dysglycaemia in the dental setting has been suggested to identify asymptomatic individuals.  For screening to be effective, individuals at risk of diabetes, need to adhere to their oral health professionals’ (OHP) referral advice and attend medical follow-up for definitive diagnosis of their glycemic status. A scoping research of the literature selecting studies of diabetes screening in a dental setting that recorded compliance to referral to follow-up, and explored any barriers and facilitators to adherence, found referral compliance was low and reported barriers and facilitators to attending medical follow-ups included accessibility, cost, knowledge of the condition, and OHP characteristics.
  • 738
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neuro-Immune Modulation in Functional Somatic Syndromes
Functional somatic syndromes (FSS) are increasingly diagnosed in chronically ill patients presenting with an array of symptoms not attributed to physical ailments. Conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, or irritable bowel syndrome are common disorders that belong in this broad category. Such syndromes are characterised by the presence of one or multiple chronic symptoms including widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disorders, and abdominal pain, amongst other issues. Symptoms are believed to relate to a complex interaction of biological and psychosocial factors, where a definite aetiology has not been established. Theories suggest causative pathways between the immune and nervous systems of affected individuals with several risk factors identified in patients presenting with one or more functional syndromes. Risk factors including stress and childhood trauma are now recognised as important contributors to chronic pain conditions. Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse during childhood is considered a severe stressor having a high prevalence in functional somatic syndrome suffers. Such trauma permanently alters the biological stress response of the suffers leading to neuroexcitatory and other nerve issues associated with chronic pain in adults. Traumatic and chronic stress results in epigenetic changes in stress response genes, which ultimately leads to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune system manifesting in a broad array of symptoms. Importantly, these systems are known to be dysregulated in patients suffering from functional somatic syndrome. Functional somatic syndromes are also highly prevalent co-morbidities of psychiatric conditions, mood disorders, and anxiety.
  • 737
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
How Immune Responses Are Regulated
Most basic studies directed at how immune responses are regulated employ chemically “simple antigens”, usually purified proteins. The target antigens in many clinical situations, such as in autoimmunity, infectious diseases and cancer, are chemically “complex”, consisting of several distinct molecules, and they often are part of a replicating entity. 
  • 712
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Microbiome and Cancer Development
Changes in the microbiome also induce complex changes in human cells. From a biological perspective, the normal cervicovaginal microbiome is composed mainly of Lactobacillus spp., thus exhibiting low bacterial diversity and protecting against carcinogenesis through various mechanisms. The lactobacilli secrete lactic acid, and the low vaginal pH promotes healthy local homeostasis. The lactobacilli also secrete cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and other metabolites that protect the local epithelium. They promote a healthy level of physiological inflammation that stimulates the immune system to fight against pathogens. On the other hand, the dysbiotic cervicovaginal microbiome exhibits a high diversity of microorganisms, primarily obligate and strict anaerobes, that lead to a high vaginal pH. The bacteria promote the disruption of the epithelial barrier and secrete various metabolites and enzymes such as sialidase, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other carcinogenic metabolites that lead to chronic inflammation and a dysregulated local metabolism. Further down the line, they also lead to genotoxicity and genomic instability, as well as altered proliferation and altered apoptosis. The dysbiotic environment also promotes angiogenesis. The chronic inflammation activates immune cells that secrete even more proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 or Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in even more reactive oxygen species that further promote carcinogenic mechanisms. Hence, there are many different mechanisms through which the microbiota can impact carcinogenesis.
  • 707
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRBSO) is the gold standard preventative option for BRCA mutation carriers at high risk for ovarian and breast cancer. RRBSO involves the surgical removal of both ovaries, as well as fallopian tubes, as fallopian tubes are increasingly being recognized as the site of origin for the most common and lethal form of ovarian cancer, high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) reccomend people with BRCA1 mutations to indergo RRBSO between the ages of 35 to 40 and upon completion of childbearing. Since the onset of ovarian cancer among BRCA2 mutations carriers is approximately 8 to 10 years later than in BRCA1 mutations carriers, the recommended timing of RRBSO is delayed to ages 40 to 45. Despite the effectiveness of undergoing RRBSO at the recommended age, it also induces immediate surgical menopause with an abrupt and significant decline in levels of sex hormones. As a result, surgical menopause is associated with various adverse physical, mental, and cognitive health outcomes. 
  • 706
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Febrile Diseases with Fuzzy Cognitive Map
Febrile diseases are fever-based diseases with similar and overlapping symptoms that are often confusable and difficult to differentiate. They are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity, and evaporation contribute immensely to promoting the spread. The fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) model to serve as a decision-support tool for medical health workers in the diagnosis of febrile diseases. 
  • 701
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Physical Activity and Mediterranean Diet in Cancer
A healthy diet and an active lifestyle are both effective ways to prevent, manage, and treat many diseases, including cancer. A healthy, well-balanced diet not only ensures that the body gets the right amount of nutrients to meet its needs, but it also lets the body get substances that protect against and/or prevent certain diseases. It is now clear that obesity is linked to long-term diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
  • 697
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Approaches to Cancer Screening in Primary Care
Genomic tests are being developed for use in cancer screening. As most screening is offered in primary care settings, primary care provider and patient perceptions of such tests are likely to affect uptake. 
  • 682
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ordinary Teachers' Evidence-Based Intervention on Mental Health Literacy
The immediate effect of the intervention on promoting students’ mental health knowledge was significant, but the amount of delay effect is not significant. Ordinary classroom teachers can effectively participate in projects to improve students’ mental health literacy, significantly improve students’ mental health knowledge and attitudes towards psychological problems, and make up for the shortage of full-time mental health teachers in schools. More attention should be paid to students’ mental health literacy, and evidence-based intervention research should be strengthened. Furthermore, researchers can improve students’ mental health literacy and avoid poor mental health by addressing delays in early intervention, as well as improve experimental design, prolong the intervention time, and improve the effectiveness of the intervention.
  • 673
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 659
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Duration of Menstrual Blood Loss
The duration of bleeding is not necessarily linked to the amount of loss but may be influenced by age, ethnicity, habitus, region and altitude of residence, dieting and stress. The onset of bleeding has been linked to declining steroid production by the corpus luteum. There remains considerable controversy around the extent of endometrial shedding at menstruation. This is likely to vary within and between women. The significance of a change from previous patterns, very short or prolonged bleeding, days of light loss or spotting before or after days of bleeding, or of bleed-free days that punctuate flow, remain poorly understood.
  • 659
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Determinants of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain
Cancer-related pain is arguably the most common consequences of this disease, significantly reducing quality of life and affecting the ability to complete everyday tasks and live a normal life. Among these, cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is one of the most prevalent, presenting as movement-related, constant or most commonly, in combination. Bone metastases can then induce CIBP in several ways, many of which are still under investigation. Indeed, bone is a richly innervated tissue, and sensitive neurons can be found in both the periosteum and the bone marrow.
  • 654
  • 14 Feb 2022
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