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Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 816
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Inadequacy of Care
Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the major avoidable causes of developmental disruption and health abnormalities in children. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), a significant consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure, have gained more attention. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are an umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ethanol during pregnancy and are the most common non-heritable causes of intellectual disability. The effects on the fetus may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities, with possible lifelong implications, and encompass a phenotypic range that can greatly vary between individuals but reliably include one or more of the following: facial dysmorphism, fetal growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, and neurobehavioral impairment. 
  • 807
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents
Trauma in childhood and adolescence has long-term negative consequences in brain development and behavior and increases the risk for psychiatric disorders. Among them, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during adolescence illustrates the connection between trauma and substance misuse, as adolescents may utilize substances to cope with PTSD.
  • 783
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Disabled People during Pandemics
From a population health perspective, during disease outbreaks and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the general population, it is important for governments to include people with disability in their pandemic planning and response.
  • 782
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Core Cultural Competencies for Healthcare Professionals
There are many guidelines regarding cultural competencies for healthcare professionals and many instruments aiming to measure cultural competence. However, there is no consensus on which core cultural competencies are necessary for healthcare professionals. A review of 15 Delphi studies showed that the core competencies necessary for healthcare professionals to ensure that they provide culturally congruent care were: Reflect, Educate, Show Interest and Praise, Empathise, and Collaborate for Therapy. These competencies make the abbreviation and word RESPECT, which symbolically places emphasis on respect as the overarching behaviour for working effectively with diversity. 
  • 776
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist
The role of a clinical nurse specialist in oncology varies greatly between healthcare systems, and implementing this healthcare role with its multifaceted and co-existing responsibilities may prove challenging. While already integrated into healthcare systems and services in several European countries, Asia, Canada, and the United States, other countries are just beginning to develop clinical nursing specialties.
  • 752
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Screening
In Southeast Asia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Low coverage for cervical cancer screening (CCS) becomes a roadblock to disease detection and treatment. Herein, we identified the barriers to and facilitators of cervical cancer screening among women living in SEA.
  • 743
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Community-Based Prevention and Control of Public Health Events
The so-called community is a living community with stable physical boundaries and common value orientation. Compared with the more common definition of the community as a physical carrier, the community has gradually become the dominant tool to deal with public health emergencies in methodology. On the one hand, from the perspective of the physical attributes of the community, as the most normal living place for ordinary people, the community carries the temporary response to the current sudden public crisis. On the other hand, from the perspective of the social attributes of the community, the recessive resources within the community, such as the trust capital within the community, have played an assisting and supplementary role in the recovery of mental health after a public health crisis to a certain extent.
  • 734
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a dissociative anaesthetic that is sometimes used recreationally. The prevalence of N2O use is difficult to quantify but appears to be increasing. Research on N2O harms and application of harm reduction strategies are limited. The disparate body of research on recreational nitrous oxide use to inform harm reduction approaches tailored for young people was collated and synthesised. 
  • 716
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Unsilencing the Echoes of Historical Trauma
Indigenous communities in North America have distinct colonial histories with their own story of how their ancestors were able to survive the mass effort to take their land, resources, language, culture, and sometimes even their lives. These stories have been passed down orally and through the DNA of the descendants of survivors via epigenetics. The Historical Loss Scale (HLS) and Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale (HLASS) are two validated scales that measure historical trauma among Native Americans.
  • 705
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Heart Health and Mental Wellbeing
Indigenous peoples have thrived since time immemorial across North America; however, over the past three to four generations there has been a marked increase in health disparities amongst Indigenous peoples versus the general population. Heart disease and mental health issues have been well documented and appear to be interrelated within Indigenous peoples across Canada.
  • 679
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Health Information Storage
The concept of the health wallet, a digital platform that consolidates health-related information, has garnered significant attention in the past year. Electronic health data storage and transmission have become increasingly prevalent in the healthcare industry, with the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery.
  • 662
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Quick-Response-Based Technology in Healthcare and Dentistry
 The present smart card is an advance in patient identification, using a quick-response (QR) code to automatically report or receive certain types of responses from patients or physicians once illuminated by signals from QR readers.
  • 658
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Universal Privacy Model for Electronic Health Record Systems
High-profile data breaches in systems such as Australia’s My Health Record (MHR) and the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) have exposed millions of records, resulting in substantial financial losses for the healthcare industry.
  • 647
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Use of Patient-Reported Data within Acute Healthcare Context
 Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) and patient satisfaction surveys provide important information on how care can be improved. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems tool (HCAHPS) was used most frequently for measuring patient satisfaction. Where reported, data were applied to improve patient-centred care and utilization of health resources. Gaps in the use of patient data within hospital services are noticeable. Engaging management and improving staff capability are needed to overcome barriers to implementation.
  • 641
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
VitD3 and Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Active 1,25(OH)2 D3 is generated in immune cells via 1-α-hydroxylase, subsequently interacting with the VitD3 receptor to promote transcriptional and epigenomic responses in the same or adjacent cells. Despite considerable progress in deciphering the role of VitD3 in autoimmunity, its exact pathogenetic involvement remains to be elucidated. 
  • 640
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Rural Areas
Mild cognitive or neurocognitive impairment (MCI) may be more prevalent in rural areas. Differences between rural and urban MCI patients in terms of risk factors, course and prognosis are rarely reported. 
  • 614
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Screening and Medicaid Expansion in the USA
Cancer is the third largest source of spending for Medicaid in the United States. Breast and colorectal cancer screening rates improved during very early Medicaid expansion but displayed mixed improvement thereafter. Breast cancer screening rates have remained steady for Latina Medicaid enrollees; colorectal cancer screening rates have improved for African Americans. Urban areas have benefited more than rural. State programs increasingly cover BRCA1/2 and Lynch syndrome genetic testing, though testing remains underutilized in racial and ethnic groups. While increased federal matching could incentivize more states to engage in Medicaid expansion, steps need to be taken to ensure that they have an adequate distribution of resources to increase screening and testing utilization.
  • 612
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Management of Multidrug-Resistant Sepsis
Sepsis is a critical medical condition associated with significant biological and chemical abnormalities that pose a high death rate. Unlike superficial and confined infections, sepsis is a complex disturbance of the delicate immunologic equilibrium between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. This interaction demonstrates the fragile connection between the immune system and the clinical signs of sepsis. Sepsis globally accounts for an alarming annual toll of 48.9 million cases, resulting in 11 million deaths, and inflicts an economic burden of approximately USD 38 billion on the United States healthcare system. The rise of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) has elevated the urgency surrounding the management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) sepsis, evolving into a critical global health concern.
  • 589
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Reasons for Delayed Diagnosis of Pediatric Acute Appendicitis
Reasons delaying the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis were discerned. Each cause will be discussed separately although it must be noted that there is a significant overlap between them. Time to hospital admission, duration of symptoms and hospitalization time until surgery will be discussed further as indicative measures of delayed diagnosis. Patient outcomes as conveyed by selected studies will be cited in relation to time to hospital admission so that the reader can appraise their potential importance.
  • 586
  • 16 Aug 2023
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