You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
ADM Energy
The ADM formalism (named for its authors Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser and Charles W. Misner) is a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity that plays an important role in canonical quantum gravity and numerical relativity. It was first published in 1959. The comprehensive review of the formalism that the authors published in 1962 has been reprinted in the journal General Relativity and Gravitation, while the original papers can be found in the archives of Physical Review.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gallium Nitride Epitaxy
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with excellent electrical and optical properties, making it a promising candidate for various electronic and optoelectronic devices. In particular, the unique characteristics of GaN make it a popular choice for high-power and high-frequency applications, such as power electronics, RF amplifiers, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Low Power Cusped Field Thruster
The cusped field thruster is a novel concept of electric propulsion devicewith the advantages of an extremely large thrust throttle ability (more than three orders of magnitude), low complexity, strong robustness and a long lifetime (more than 18,750 h). A cusped field magnetic field is formed in the channel by arranging quasi-periodic permanent magnets around the discharge channel.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Capacitive Field-Effect Bio-Chemical Sensors
       Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Raman Spectroscopy
Cancer still constitutes one of the main global health challenges. Novel approaches towards understanding the molecular composition of the disease can be employed as adjuvant tools to current oncological applications. Raman spectroscopy has been contemplated and pursued to serve as a noninvasive, real time, in vivo tool which may uncover the molecular basis of cancer and simultaneously offer high specificity, sensitivity, and multiplexing capacity, as well as high spatial and temporal resolution.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ceramics, Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Personal Radiation Detectors
Different types of ceramics and glass have been extensively investigated due to their application in brachytherapy, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine diagnosis, radioisotope power systems, radiation processing of food, geological and archaeological dating methods. The comparison of the physico-chemical properties shows that glassy materials could be a promising alternative for dosimetry purposes.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Probe for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy
Probe choice in single-molecule microscopy requires deeper evaluations than those adopted for less sensitive fluorescence microscopy studies. Fluorophore characteristics can alter or hide subtle phenomena observable at the single-molecule level, wasting the potential of the sophisticated instrumentation and algorithms developed for this kind of advanced applications. The three typical groups of fluorophores are fluorescent proteins, organic dyes and quantum dots; here their advantages, drawbacks and use in single-molecule microscopy are discussed. Some requirements are common to all applications, such as high brightness and photostability, specific and efficient labeling, controlled stoichiometry, no perturbation on the system. Other requirements depend on the specific type of single-molecule technique; some of them are here described with their specific requirements for probe choice.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cathodoluminescence of Diamond
Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy revealed heterogeneities in diamonds in a very detailed manner with high spatial resolution.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polarization-Sensitive Digital Holographic Imaging
Polarization-sensitive digital holographic imaging (PS-DHI) is a recent imaging technique based on interference among several polarized optical beams. PS-DHI allows simultaneous quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative evaluation of polarization properties of a given sample with micrometer scale resolution. Since this technique is very fast and does not require labels/markers, it finds application in several fields, from biology to microelectronics and micro-photonics.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Micromegas Detectors for Physics
Micromegas (MICRO-MEsh GAseous Structure) detectors have found common use in different applications since their development in 1996 by the group of I. Giomataris and G. Charpak. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Identification of Soccer Scoring Techniques
The immense charm of soccer to millions of players and spectators can be traced back to the most prime idea of the game: to score goals—an idea that will always be captivating. This basic idea shapes the soccer scoring technique (SST) to be the crucial and final determinant of every offensive-maneuver fate of any team. Therefore, the identification of SSTs is particularly important.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PIXE and XRF in Heritage Science
Analytical techniques play a fundamental role in heritage science (HS). Among them, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques are widely used in many laboratories for elemental composition analysis. Although they are well-established, a strong effort is put on their upgrade, making them suitable for more and more applications. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials
The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of pressure perturbations in a medium due to its heating with non-stationary electromagnetic radiation. A new generation of sensors can be engineered based on the sensing of several markers to satisfy the conditions of the multimodal detection principle. From this point of view, photoacoustic-based sensing approaches are essential. The photoacoustic effect relies on the generation of light-induced deformation (pressure) perturbations in media, which is essential for sensing applications since the photoacoustic response is formed due to a contrast in the optical, thermal, and acoustical properties. It is also particularly important to mention that photoacoustic light-based approaches are flexible enough for the measurement of thermal/elastic parameters. Moreover, the photoacoustic approach can be used for imaging and visualization in material research and biomedical applications. The advantages of photoacoustic devices are their compact sizes and the possibility of on-site measurements, enabling the online monitoring of material parameters. The latter has significance for the development of various sensing applications, including biomedical ones, such as monitoring of the biodistribution of biomolecules. To extend sensing abilities and to find reliable measurement conditions, one needs to clearly understand all the phenomena taking place during energy transformation during photoacoustic signal formation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Direct Ultrafast Laser Processing
Direct ultrafast laser processing is nowadays considered the most flexible technique allowing to generate complex 3D optical functions in bulk glasses. The fact that the built-in optical element is embedded in the material brings several advantages in terms of prototype stability and lifetime, but equally in terms of complexity and number of possible applications, due to the 3D design. The generated optical functions, and in particular the single mode character of the light guiding element alongside the accessibility toward different spectral windows, depend on the refractive index contrast that can be achieved within the material transparency window and on the characteristic dimensions of the optical modification. In particular, the accessibility to the infrared and mid-infrared spectral domains, and to the relevant applications in sensing and imaging, requires increasing the cross-section of the guiding element in order to obtain the desired normalized frequency. Moreover, efficient signal extraction from the transported light requires nanometer size void-like index structures. All this demands a thorough knowledge and an optimal control of the material response within the interaction with the ultrafast laser pulse.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Capacity Sizing of Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System
A battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system is investigated as a solution to reduce the high-power delivery stress on the battery. An optimally-sized system can further enhance the storage and cost efficiency.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI
Volcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO2 flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geological process studies for the mitigation of volcanic hazards including air traffic security. Existing techniques used to probe volcanic gas fluxes have severe limitations such as the requirement of near-vent in situ measurements, which is unsafe for operators and deleterious for equipment. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) has been developed as part of the ERC (European Research Council) Project “BRIDGE”, for sensitive, remote, and safe real-time CO2 observations.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Formation of All-Silk Composites and Time–Temperature Superposition
Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. This makes them promising candidates for application as a new composite material. Understanding both the applications and fundamental behaviours of silk fibroin is essential. This can be achieved with techniques like time-temperature superposition to understand the effects of dissolution on raw silk fibres.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Conventional Approaches of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Statistics
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements combined with chemometrics allow achieving a great amount of information for the identification of potential biomarkers responsible for a precise metabolic pathway. These kinds of data are useful in different fields, ranging from food to biomedical fields, including health science. The investigation of the whole set of metabolites in a sample, representing its fingerprint in the considered condition, is known as metabolomics and may take advantage of different statistical tools. The new frontier is to adopt self-learning techniques to enhance clustering or classification actions that can improve the predictive power over large amounts of data.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Rotating Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting Applications
Addressing the increasing development of IoT networks and the associated energy requirements, rotating triboelectric nanogenerators (R-TENGs) are proving to be strong candidates in the field of energy harvesting, as well as to that of self-powered devices and autonomous sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Sensors
Due to the wide application of wearable electronic devices in daily life, research into flexible electronics has become very attractive. Various polymer-based sensors have emerged with great sensing performance and excellent extensibility. It is well known that different structural designs each confer their own unique, great impacts on the properties of materials. For polymer-based pressure/strain sensors, different structural designs determine different response-sensing mechanisms, thus showing their unique advantages and characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 10
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback