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Topic Review
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition has significantly improved breast cancer survival rate over the years, there is a current need to develop more effective systemic treatments to prevent metastasis. One of the most commonly altered pathways driving breast cancer cell growth, survival, and motility is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a group of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′-OH group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) at plasma and intracellular membranes. 
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer-Therapy
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
UPS in Human Malignancies
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) governs the non-lysosomal degradation of oxidized, damaged, or misfolded proteins in eukaryotic cells. This process is tightly regulated through the activation and transfer of polyubiquitin chains to target proteins which are then recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. The role of UPS is crucial in regulating protein levels through degradation to maintain fundamental cellular processes such as growth, division, signal transduction, and stress response. Dysregulation of the UPS, resulting in loss of ability to maintain protein quality through proteolysis, is closely related to the development of various malignancies and tumorigenesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Online Adaptive Radiotherapy in Treating Gynecologic Cancers
Online adaptive radiation is a new and exciting modality of treatment for gynecologic cancers. Traditional radiation treatments deliver the same radiation plan to cancers with large margins. Improvements in imaging, technology, and artificial intelligence have made it possible to account for changes between treatments and improve the delivery of radiation. These advances can potentially lead to significant benefits in tumor coverage and normal tissue sparing. Gynecologic cancers can uniquely benefit from this technology due to the significant changes in bladder, bowel, and rectum between treatments as well as the changes in tumors commonly seen between treatments. Preliminary studies have shown that online adaptive radiation can maintain coverage of the tumor while sparing nearby organs. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Hilar Biliary Obstruction
Malignant hilar biliary obstruction (HBO) represents a complex clinical condition in terms of diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment, endoscopic approach, and palliation. The main etiology of malignant HBO is hilar cholangiocarcinoma that is considered an aggressive biliary tract’s cancer and has still today a poor prognosis.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Abscopal Effect
The abscopal effect (AbE) is defined as radiation-induced shrinkage of distant, non-treated, neoplastic lesions and it is considered the best clinical picture of the efficient immune stimulation by irradiation.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Liver Transplantation for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) encompasses all malignant neoplasms arising from the epithelial cells of the biliary tree. About 40% of CCAs are perihilar, involving the bile ducts distal to the second-order biliary branches and proximal to the cystic duct implant. About two-thirds of pCCAs are considered unresectable at the time of diagnosis or exploration. When resective surgery is deemed unfeasible, liver transplantation (LT) could be an effective alternative. The overall survival rates after LT at 1 and 3 years are 91% and 81%, respectively. The overall five-year survival rate after transplantation is 73% (79% for patients with underlying PSC and 63% for de novo pCCA). Multicenter case series reported a 5-year disease-free survival rate of ~65%.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Dissecting Microbiome-Derived SCFAs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer)
Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with an increased lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) (30–73%), endometrial carcinoma (EC) (30–51%) and, less frequently, other malignancies such as gastric, ovarian, urinary tract, pancreatic, small bowel, biliary tract, brain, and skin sebaceous cancers.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Virotherapy against Glioblastoma
Recent advances in understanding of cancer biology have stimulated the development of numerous therapeutic approaches, one of which is virotherapy. Therapy by oncolytic viruses is a promising method for malignant tumors of various histogenesis, both as a monotherapy and as a part of combination therapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sentinel Node in Oral Cancer
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a diagnostic staging procedure that aims to identify the first draining lymph node(s) from the primary tumor, the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), as their histopathological status reflects the histopathological status of the rest of the nodal basin. The routine SLNB procedure consists of peritumoral injections with a technetium-99m [99mTc]-labelled radiotracer followed by lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT-CT imaging. Based on these imaging results, the identified SLNs are marked for surgical extirpation and are subjected to histopathological assessment. The routine SLNB procedure has proven to reliably stage the clinically negative neck in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, an infamous limitation arises in situations where SLNs are located in close vicinity of the tracer injection site. In these cases, the hotspot of the injection site can hide adjacent SLNs and hamper the discrimination between tracer injection site and SLNs (shine-through phenomenon). Therefore, technical developments are needed to bring the diagnostic accuracy of SLNB for early-stage OSCC to a higher level. 
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cancer Metastasis
Despite great advances in the detailed profiling of tumor cells and the development of therapeutic agents, cancer metastasis is still a big hurdle in the treatment of cancer patients. This is possibly because tumor cells plastically evolve through interplay with the host environment, including stromal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells. The reciprocal evolution among the numerous components further increases the heterogeneity and complexity in both tumor cells and the host, leading to refractory cancer. It is important to better understand the entire metastatic cascade and the practical implementations targeting the oncoimmune drivers in the mechanisms.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs’ survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Myeloma–Bone Interaction
Multiple myeloma (MM) has a propensity to develop preferentially in bone and form bone-destructive lesions. MM cells enhance osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through activation of the RANKL–NF-κB signaling pathway while suppressing bone formation by inhibiting osteoblastogenesis from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by factors elaborated in the bone marrow and bone in MM, including the soluble Wnt inhibitors DKK-1 and sclerostin, activin A, and TGF-β, resulting in systemic bone destruction with loss of bone. Osteocytes have been drawn attention as multifunctional regulators in bone metabolism. MM cells induce apoptosis in osteocytes to trigger the production of factors, including RANKL, sclerostin, and DKK-1, to further exacerbate bone destruction. Bone lesions developed in MM, in turn, provide microenvironments suited for MM cell growth/survival, including niches to foster MM cells and their precursors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Biomarkers From Peripheral Blood Cells
While tissue-specific biomarkers, including immune-cell infiltration of the tumor, atypical cells, changes in tumor gene expression, and other malignant changes can serve as reliable cancer biomarkers, they have certain limitations. For instance, the invasiveness of biopsy acquisition makes tissue-specific biomarkers ill-fitted for the real-time monitoring of treatment response. Additionally, while tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may be powerful prognostic biomarkers and have significant predictive value in identifying patients with the highest likelihood of responding to therapy, they are not useful for the early detection of cancer or for cancer screening in people with no symptoms. Less invasive and more easily accessible methods of biological sample acquisition, such as blood collection, can make early detection more feasible and may increase acceptance among patients, thereby leading to potentially faster diagnosis. Need to focus on circulating blood cell transcriptome as a source of breast cancer (BC) biomarkers.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase IX for Cancer Immunotherapy
Carbonic anhydrases are metalloenzymes that reversibly catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, generating bicarbonate ions and protons. Several tumors, such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal, and others overexpress carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX). The CAIX enzyme is constitutively overexpressed in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and can also be induced in hypoxic microenvironments, a major hallmark of most solid tumors. CAIX expression is restricted to a few sites in healthy tissues, positioning this molecule as a strategic target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CN133
Pediatric ependymoma (EPN) is a highly aggressive tumor of the central nervous system that remains incurable in 40% of cases. In children, the majority of cases develop in the posterior fossa and can be classified into two distinct molecular entities: EPN posterior fossa A (PF-EPN-A) and EPN posterior fossa B (PF-EPN-B). Patients with PF-EPN-A have poor outcome and are in demand of new therapies. In general, PF-EPN-A tumors show a balanced chromosome copy number profile and have no recurrent somatic nucleotide variants. However, these tumors present abundant epigenetic deregulations, thereby suggesting that epigenetic therapies could provide new opportunities for PF-EPN-A patients. In vitro epigenetic drug screening of 11 compounds showed that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) had the highest anti-proliferative activity in two PF-EPN-A patient-derived cell lines. Further screening of 5 new brain-penetrating HDACi showed that CN133 induced apoptosis in vitro, reduced tumor growth in vivo and significantly extended the survival of mice with orthotopically-implanted EPN tumors by modulation of the unfolded protein response, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, and apoptotic pathways among others.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Gliomas
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndrome that affects children and adults. Individuals with NF1 are at high risk for central nervous system neoplasms including gliomas. The purpose of this review is to discuss the spectrum of intracranial gliomas arising in individuals with NF1 with a focus on recent preclinical and clinical data.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CircRNAs in Human Cancer
In human cancer, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were implicated in the control of oncogenic activities such as tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The most widely described mechanism of action of circRNAs is their ability to act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) for miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs, thus impacting along their axis, despite the fact that a variety of additional mechanisms of action are emerging, representing an open and expanding field of study.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metabolomics-Microbiome Crosstalk in Breast Cancer Microenvironment
The human microbiome is defined as the full array of the diverse microorganisms (microbiota) that live on and in humans, as well as their genetic materials. It is considered one of the leading environmental factors in disease development, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria dominant species. Human microbiota manifestation is influenced by multiple environmental and physiological changes, including age, sex, race, geography, diet, host genetics and lifestyle, drugs like antibiotics, and interaction with the immune system and metabolic pathway.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Nov 2021
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