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Topic Review
Intracranial Neurofeedback System on Memory Function
Neurofeedback (NF) shows promise in enhancing memory, but its application to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) still needs to be studied. Twenty trials of a tug-of-war game per session were employed for NF and designed to control neural activity bidirectionally (Up/Down condition).
  • 576
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Salicornia ramosissima
There has been an increasing interest in the consumption of halophytes as a healthy food in the last few years. Salicornia ramosissima is a seasonal Mediterranean halophyte with an interesting profile of bioactive compounds, including more than 60 identified polyphenols with a broad range of biological activities. Accumulating evidence supports the role of dietary polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke. Stroke is the second cause of death worldwide and it is estimated that a substantial proportion of stroke incidence and recurrence may be prevented by healthier dietary patterns.
  • 575
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neuroinflammation is a complex innate immune response occurring in the central nervous system (CNS), orchestrated primarily by specialized resident cells, notably glial cells, with microglia and astrocytes taking center stage.
  • 575
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sleep among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Sleep disturbances are commonly encountered among patients with CLDs and are associated with impaired HRQOL. The present study demonstrated that the more severe the liver disease, the poorer that sleep and QOL are. 
  • 574
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers of CNS Involvement in Wilson’s Disease
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism with clinical symptoms related to pathological copper accumulation, which are mainly hepatic and/or neuropsychiatric. A search for new treatment modalities (e.g., gene therapy, molybdenum salts) aims to prevent early neurological deterioration as well as improve treatment outcomes. In addition to evaluating the clinical signs and symptoms of the disease, serum biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring are very important for WD management. Sensitive serum biomarkers of copper metabolism and liver injury are well described. However, there is a need to establish blood-based biomarkers of central nervous system (CNS) injury to help identify patients at risk of early neurological deterioration and aid in their monitoring.
  • 574
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Glioblastoma Cell Interplay
The invasive nature of glioblastoma is problematic in a radical surgery approach and can be responsible for tumor recurrence. In order to create new therapeutic strategies, it is imperative to have a better understanding of the mechanisms behind tumor growth and invasion. The continuous cross-talk between glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to disease progression, which renders research in this field difficult and challenging.
  • 574
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage/Microglia Polarization in Treating Glioblastoma/Multiple Sclerosis
Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases.
  • 572
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Neurodegenerative Diseases Detection
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are devastating conditions that can develop without noticeable symptoms, causing irreversible damage to neurons before any signs become clinically evident. NDs are a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Web and mobile technologies, through the use of machine learning and AI in apps and web-based tools, offer affordable, accessible screening options for cognitive deficits, showing promise in the early detection of neurodegenerative disorders with demonstrated effectiveness.
  • 571
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Antitumor Strategies Targeting Peptidergic Systems
Peptidergic systems show promise as targets for fighting tumors. While some peptides encourage the growth and spread of tumor cells and angiogenic mechanisms, others display antitumor properties. As such, peptide ligands and receptor antagonists could be used as antitumor agents alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Peptide receptor antagonists can counteract the oncogenic effects of specific peptides by inducing apoptosis in various types of tumor cells, hindering cancer cell migration and inhibiting angiogenesis. Peptides and peptide receptor antagonists are not currently used in clinical practice as antitumor agents. Still, aprepitant, a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, is a promising candidate due to its ability to promote apoptosis in many cancer cells. However, to utilize aprepitant as an anticancer agent, the dosage must be increased and administered for a more extended period. Moving beyond current protocols for aprepitant’s use as an antiemetic is essential. Additionally, a common anticancer strategy with aprepitant is possible regardless of cancer cell type. Finally, combining aprepitant with chemotherapy or radiotherapy is encouraged.
  • 566
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Symptomatic and Disease-Modifying Therapy Pipeline for Alzheimer’s Disease
Since 1906, when Dr. Alois Alzheimer first described in a patient “a peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex”, people suffering from this pathology have been waiting for a breakthrough therapy. Aducanumab, the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) has been approved for AD, and several DMTs are in advanced stages of clinical development or regulatory review. Small molecules, mAbs, or multimodal strategies showing promise in animal studies have not confirmed that promise in the clinic (where small to moderate changes in clinical efficacy have been observed), and therefore, there is a significant unmet need for a better understanding of the AD pathogenesis and the exploration of alternative etiologies and therapeutic effective disease-modifying therapies strategies for AD.
  • 565
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Leukemia Inhibitor Factor in Neurocognitive Preservation
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to impact patients despite antiretroviral therapy. A combination of antiretroviral therapies can diminish the HIV viral load to near undetectable levels, but fails to preserve neurocognitive integrity. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has shown neuroprotective properties that could mitigate neurodegeneration in HANDs. The LIF promotes neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, and survival. Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces severe forms of HANDs, but neurocognitive impairment persists; additionally, some antiretrovirals have additional adverse neurotoxic effects. The LIF counteracts neurotoxic viral proteins and limits neural cell damage in models of neuroinflammation. Adding the LIF as an adjuvant therapy to enhance neuroprotection merits further research for managing HANDs. 
  • 565
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) occurs due to a leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lowering the pressure of subarachnoid space, mostly caused by a dural breach or discogenic microspur. As a result of less support provided by CSF pressure, intracranial structures are stretched downward, leading to a constellation of more or less typical MRI findings, including venous congestion, subdural effusions, brainstem sagging and low-lying cerebellar tonsils. 
  • 564
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Dementia Due to Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, a common consequence of diabetes treatment, is associated with severe morbidity and mortality and has become a major barrier to intensifying antidiabetic therapy. Dementia generally refers to the loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions, which can interfere with daily life, and there are many evidences that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of both vascular and non-vascular dementia. Neuroglycopenia resulting from a hypoglycemic episode in diabetic patients can lead to the degeneration of brain cells, with a resultant cognitive decline, leading to dementia.
  • 564
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Common Etiologies of Pediatric Stroke
Pediatric stroke is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children.  Stroke is a neurologic injury often associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The underlying mechanism is most frequently due to occluded cerebral blood vessels, i.e., ischemic stroke; however, hemorrhagic stroke is an important etiology. 
  • 561
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment in the COVID-19 Era
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by inflammation and early axonal damage, and it is the leading cause of disability in young adults. MS is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex interplay between genetic and ambiental risk factors. Some genes encoding for immune system components lead to a higher risk of developing MS and other acquired risk factors (vitamin D plasma level, solar light exposition, salt intake, the smoking habit and some infections and so on)
  • 560
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Prion Protein in Glioma Tumorigenesis
The carcinogenesis of glial tumors appears complex because of the many genetic and epigenetic phenomena involved. Among these, cellular prion protein (PrPC) is considered a key factor in cell-death resistance and important aspect implicated in tumorigenesis. Autophagy also plays an important role in cell death in various pathological conditions. These two cellular phenomena are related and share the same activation by specific alterations in the cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, there is an interdependence between autophagy and prion activity in glioma tumorigenesis. Glioma is one of the most aggressive known cancers, and the fact that such poorly studied processes as autophagy and PrPC activity are so strongly involved in its carcinogenesis suggests that by better understanding their interaction, more can be understood about its origin and treatment. 
  • 559
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Basis of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, which is primarily characterized by motor impairments. Even though multiple hypotheses have been proposed over the decades that explain the pathogenesis of PD, presently, there are no cures or promising preventive therapies for PD. This could be attributed to the intricate pathophysiology of PD and the poorly understood molecular mechanism. To address these challenges comprehensively, a thorough disease model is imperative for a nuanced understanding of PD’s underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
  • 559
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Major Depressive Disorder and Gut Microbiota
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial psychiatric disorder characterized by at least one depressive episode for a minimum of 2 weeks. The gut is the biggest digestive, immune and endocrine organ of the human body and can sometimes be referred to as the second brain. The gut is a microbial organ, and it is estimated that our gut harbors about 1014 microorganisms.
  • 558
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Senescent Mice and Alzheimer’s Mouse Models
Ultrasound is routinely used for a wide range of diagnostic imaging applications. However, given that ultrasound can operate over a wide range of parameters that can all be modulated, its applicability extends far beyond the bioimaging field. In fact, the modality has emerged as a hybrid technology that effectively assists drug delivery by transiently opening the blood–brain barrier (BBB) when combined with intravenously injected microbubbles, and facilitates neuromodulation. Studies in aged mice contributed to an insight into how low-intensity ultrasound brings about its neuromodulatory effects, including increased synaptic plasticity and improved cognitive functions, with a potential role for neurogenesis and the modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal signalling. The currently available ultrasound approaches and how studies in senescent mice are relevant for AD and can accelerate the application of low-intensity ultrasound in the clinic are discussed.
  • 557
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Combination Drug Therapy for Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is an increasingly prevalent disease and leading cause of disability which is challenging to treat. Several distinct classes of drugs are currently used for the treatment of chronic NP, but each drug targets only narrow components of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, bears limited efficacy, and comes with dose-limiting side effects. Multimodal therapies have been increasingly proposed as potential therapeutic approaches to target the multiple mechanisms underlying nociceptive transmission and modulation. However, while preclinical studies with combination therapies showed promise to improve efficacy over monotherapy, clinical trial data on their efficacy in specific populations are lacking and increased risk for adverse effects should be carefully considered. Drug-drug co-crystallization has emerged as an innovative pharmacological approach which can combine two or more different active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single crystal, optimizing pharmacokinetic and physicochemical characteristics of the native molecules, thus potentially capitalizing on the synergistic efficacy between classes of drugs while simplifying adherence and minimizing the risk of side effects by reducing the doses.
  • 557
  • 19 Jan 2024
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