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Biography
Heino Falcke
Heino Falcke (born 1966) is a German professor of radio astronomy and astroparticle physics at the Radboud University Nijmegen. He was a winner of the 2011 Spinoza Prize.[1] His main field of study is black holes. In 2013 a team under his lead earned a 14 million euro research grant of the European Research Council for further studies into black holes. Falcke was born in Cologne, Germany, in
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cerebrospinal Fluid microRNAs
Currently it is difficult to predict the outcome of spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases diagnosed in the early stages. These difficulties can be solved with the help of biomarkers - molecules that play an important role in these pathological processes. Small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have the potential to act as biomarkers. Micro-RNAs are short RNAs of ~ 22 nucleotides, which are not translated into proteins, but instead act directly to regulate the translation of protein coding messenger RNAs. Isolation of microRNAs from biological fluids, in particular CSF, is problematic. As such, our work focuses on the methodological aspects as well as reviewing both the animal and patient studies used to determine potential miRNA biomarkers. In addition, we propose possible solutions for the existing technical problems.
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  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SLC7A11
An Error has occurred retrieving Wikidata item for infobox Cystine/glutamate transporter is an antiporter that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A11 gene. The SLC7A11 gene codes for a sodium-independent cystine-glutamate antiporter that is chloride dependent, known as system Xc- or xCT. It regulates synaptic activity by stimulating extrasynaptic receptors and performs nonvesicular glutamate release. This gene is highly expressed by astrocytes and couples the uptake of one molecule of cystine with the release of one molecule of glutamate. The dimer cystine gets taken up by glial cells and the monomer of cystine, cysteine, is taken up by neurons. The expression of Xc- was detected throughout the brain with higher expression found in the basolateral amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. The inhibition of system Xc- has been found to alter a number of behaviors, which suggests that it plays a key role in excitatory signaling.
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  • 28 Sep 2022
Biography
Stanley Schmidt
Stanley Albert Schmidt (born March 7, 1944) is an American science fiction author. Between 1978 and 2012 he served as editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact magazine. Schmidt was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1966. He then attended Case Western Reserve University, where he completed his Ph.D. in physics in 1969. After receiving his degree, he b
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg
Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg (16 March 1445 – 10 March 1510) was a priest, considered one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century. He was closely connected with the humanists of Strasbourg, whose leader was the well-known Jacob of Wimpheling (1450–1528), called "the educator of Germany".[1] Like Wimpheling, Geiler was a secular priest; both fought the ecclesiastical
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phase Resetting in Neurons
Phase resetting in neurons is a behavior observed in different biological oscillators and plays a role in creating neural synchronization as well as different processes within the body. Phase resetting in neurons is when the dynamical behavior of an oscillation is shifted. This occurs when a stimulus perturbs the phase within an oscillatory cycle and a change in period occurs. The periods of these oscillations can vary depending on the biological system, with examples such as: (1) neural responses can change within a millisecond to quickly relay information; (2) In cardiac and respiratory changes that occur throughout the day, could be within seconds; (3) circadian rhythms may vary throughout a series of days; (4) rhythms such as hibernation may have periods that are measured in years. This activity pattern of neurons is a phenomenon seen in various neural circuits throughout the body and is seen in single neuron models and within clusters of neurons. Many of these models utilize phase response (resetting) curves where the oscillation of a neuron is perturbed and the effect the perturbation has on the phase cycle of a neuron is measured.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivostomatitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microspheres Used in Liver Radioembolization
Inert microspheres, labeled with several radionuclides, have been developed during the last two decades for the intra-arterial treatment of liver tumors, generally called Selective Intrahepatic radiotherapy (SIRT). The aim is to embolize microspheres into the hepatic capillaries, accessible through the hepatic artery, to deliver high levels of local radiation to primary (such as hepatocarcinoma, HCC) or secondary (metastases from several primary cancers, e.g., colorectal, melanoma, neuro-endocrine tumors) liver tumors. Several types of microspheres were designed as medical devices, using different vehicles (glass, resin, poly-lactic acid) and labeled with different radionuclides, 90Y and 166Ho. 
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  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Madarosis
Madarosis is a condition that results in the loss of eyelashes, and sometimes eyebrows. The term "madarosis" is derived from the ancient Greek "madaros", meaning "bald". It originally was a disease of only losing eyelashes but it currently is the loss of both eyelashes and eyebrows. Eyebrows and eyelashes are both important in the prevention of bacteria and other foreign objects from entering the eye. A majority of patients with madarosis have leprosy, and it was reported that 76% of patients with varying types of leprosy had madarosis.
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  • 21 Oct 2022
Biography
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann (Template:Osd – 17 December 1938)[1] was a prominent Baltic German chemist-physicist who made important contributions in the fields of glassy and solid solutions, heterogeneous equilibria, crystallization, and metallurgy.[2] Tamman was born in Yamburg (now Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast). His father, Heinrich Tammann (1833–1864) was of Estonian peasant
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Ram Samudrala
Ram Samudrala is a professor of computational biology and bioinformatics at the University at Buffalo, and formerly at the University of Washington in Seattle, United States.[1] He researches protein and proteome folding, structure, function, interaction, design, and evolution spanning atomic to organismal levels of description.[2] He has published more than 120 manuscripts[3] in a variety of jo
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  • 07 Dec 2022
Biography
Waldo K. Lyon
Waldo Kampmeier Lyon (May 19, 1914 – May 5, 1998) was the founder and chief research scientist for the U.S. Navy of the Arctic Submarine Laboratory at the Naval Electronics Laboratory. He retired in 1996 after 55 years of government service. During his career he advised top Navy officials on essential matters of national defense and was personally thanked by Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy
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  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Eugene Bloch
Eugene Bloch (10 June 1878 – 1944) was a France physicist and professor at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and at the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris.[1][2] Eugene Bloch was born on 10 June 1878 in Soultz-Haut-Rhin, France. His father, an industrialist in the textile industry, sold his Alsatian factory and settled in Paris to give his two sons Leon and Eugene a French educatio
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  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Marriott Fawckner Nicholls
Sir Marriott Fawckner Nicholls CBE, FRCS, (12 May 1898 – 25 August 1969) was an English surgeon who specialised in the genitourinary tract. He served in the British Army in both the First and Second World Wars and was dean of the medical school at St George's Hospital for 20 years. At the age of 64 he became professor of surgery at the University of Khartoum in Sudan, where he maintained the p
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  • 05 Dec 2022
Biography
Daniel Frank Walls
Daniel Frank Walls or Dan Walls (13 September 1942 – 12 May 1999) FRS was a New Zealand theoretical physicist specialising in quantum optics.[1] Walls gained a BSc in physics and mathematics and a first class honours MSc in physics at the University of Auckland. He then went to Harvard University as a Fulbright Scholar, obtaining his PhD in 1969. He was supervised by Roy J. Glauber who was
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  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Burkhard Rost
Burkhard Rost is a scientist leading the Department for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics at the Faculty of Informatics of the Technical University of Munich (TUM).[1] Rost chairs the Study Section Bioinformatics Munich involving the TUM and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) in Munich. From 2007-2014 Rost was President of the International Society for Computational Biology (I
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Bascom S. Deaver
Bascom Sine Deaver, Jr. (born August 16, 1930 in Macon, GA)[1] is a physicist known for his research into superconductor applications, and is a professor and assistant chairman for undergraduate studies of the physics department at the University of Virginia. A leading researcher in the field of superconductors, he is noted for his discovery that the magnetic flux threading a superconducting rin
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aphthosis
Aphthous stomatitis, or recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), is a common condition characterized by the repeated formation of benign and non-contagious mouth ulcers (aphthae) in otherwise healthy individuals. The informal term canker sore is also used, mainly in North America, although it may also refer to other types of mouth ulcers. The cause is not completely understood but involves a T cell-mediated immune response triggered by a variety of factors which may include nutritional deficiencies, local trauma, stress, hormonal influences, allergies, genetic predisposition, certain foods, dehydration, or some food additives. These ulcers occur periodically and heal completely between attacks. In the majority of cases, the individual ulcers last about 7–10 days, and ulceration episodes occur 3–6 times per year. Most appear on the non-keratinizing epithelial surfaces in the mouth – i.e. anywhere except the attached gingiva, the hard palate and the dorsum of the tongue – although the more severe forms, which are less common, may also involve keratinizing epithelial surfaces. Symptoms range from a minor nuisance to interfering with eating and drinking. The severe forms may be debilitating, even causing weight loss due to malnutrition. The condition is very common, affecting about 20% of the general population to some degree. The onset is often during childhood or adolescence, and the condition usually lasts for several years before gradually disappearing. There is no cure, and treatments such as corticosteroids aim to manage pain, reduce healing time and reduce the frequency of episodes of ulceration.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neural Ensemble
A neural ensemble is a population of nervous system cells (or cultured neurons) involved in a particular neural computation.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Karl Herzfeld
Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld (February 24, 1892 – June 3, 1978) was an Austrian-United States physicist. Herzfeld was born in Vienna during the reign of the Habsburgs over the Austro-Hungarian Empire. "He came from a prominent, recently assimilated Jewish family."[1] His father was a physician and ordinarius professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Vienna. His mother, Camilla
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Dec 2022
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