Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
scATAC-seq in Plants
The Single-cell Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing (scATAC-seq) has gained increasing popularity in recent years, allowing for chromatin accessibility to be deciphered and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) to be inferred at single-cell resolution. This cutting-edge technology now enables the genome-wide profiling of chromatin accessibility at the cellular level and the capturing of cell-type-specific cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that are masked by cellular heterogeneity in bulk assays. Additionally, it can also facilitate the identification of rare and new cell types based on differences in chromatin accessibility and charting of cellular developmental trajectories within lineage-related cell clusters. Due to technical challenges and limitations, the data generated from scATAC-seq exhibits unique features, often characterized by high sparsity and noise, even within the same cell type. To address these challenges, various bioinformatic tools have been developed. Furthermore, the application of scATAC-seq in plant science is still in its infancy, with most research focusing on root tissues and model plant species.
  • 677
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
GmNF-YC4-2
The NF-Y gene family is a highly conserved set of transcription factors. The functional transcription factor complex is made up of a trimer between NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC proteins. While mammals typically have one gene for each subunit, plants often have multigene families for each subunit which contributes to a wide variety of combinations and functions. Soybean plants with an overexpression of a particular NF-YC isoform GmNF-YC4-2 (Glyma.04g196200) in soybean cultivar Williams 82, had a lower amount of starch in its leaves, a higher amount of protein in its seeds, and increased broad disease resistance for bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the field, similar to the effects of overexpression of its isoform GmNF-YC4-1 (Glyma.06g169600). Interestingly, GmNF-YC4-2-OE (overexpression) plants also filled pods and senesced earlier, a novel trait not found in GmNF-YC4-1-OE plants. No yield difference was observed in GmNF-YC4-2-OE compared with the wild-type control. Sequence alignment of GmNF-YC4-2, GmNF-YC4-1 and AtNF-YC1 indicated that faster maturation may be a result of minor sequence differences in the terminal ends of the protein compared to the closely related isoforms.
  • 675
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Desiccation and Freezing Tolerance in Gesneriads
Gesneriaceae is a pantropical family of plants that, thanks to their lithophytic and epiphytic growth forms, have developed different strategies for overcoming water scarcity. Desiccation tolerance or “resurrection” ability is one of them. This characteristic relies on the plant’s ability to withstand very low water contents in their tissues (~10% relative water content (RWC)) and fully recover upon re-watering, a very rare phenomenon among angiosperms, with less than 0.1% of them being desiccation-tolerant (DT). Physiological responses of desiccation tolerance are also activated during freezing temperatures, a stress that many of the resurrection gesneriads suffer due to their mountainous habitat. Research on desiccation- and freezing-tolerant gesneriads is a great opportunity for crop improvement, and some of them have become reference resurrection angiosperms for study (Dorcoceras hygrometrica, Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi).
  • 674
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Signaling in Propelling Crop Yield
Food security has become a topic of great concern in many countries. Global food security depends heavily on agriculture that has access to proper resources and best practices to generate higher crop yields. Crops, as with other plants, have a variety of strategies to adapt their growth to external environments and internal needs. In plants, the distal organs are interconnected through the vascular system and intricate hierarchical signaling networks, to communicate and enhance survival within fluctuating environments. Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are fundamental to crop production and agricultural outputs.
  • 671
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Transcriptomics of Sesame
Transcriptome is an inevitable link between genomic genetic information and biological function, and is one of the most active disciplines in the post genomic era. The transcriptome sequencing technology has been widely utilized in basic research fields, such as medicine, drug development and agricultural science. Researchers in plant science have been focusing on the application of RNA sequencing technology to study gene expression patterns under different environmental conditions or different growth and development stages, in order to understand the regulatory mechanism of gene expression and explore candidate genes related to specific traits. In fact, sesame is an oil crop with a large planting area in China. As an important food and medicine, it plays a vital role in human life. Therefore, studying the gene expression pattern of sesame under specific conditions is very important for the development and utilization of sesame germplasm resources.
  • 670
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 670
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PPLAIIIγ
Patatin-related phospholipases A (pPLAs) are a group of plant-specific acyl lipid hydrolases that share less homology with phospholipases than that observed in other organisms. Out of the three known subfamilies (pPLAI, pPLAII, and pPLAIII), the pPLAIII member of genes is particularly known for modifying the cell wall structure, resulting in less lignin content. Overexpression of pPLAIIIα and ginseng-derived PgpPLAIIIβ in Arabidopsis and hybrid poplar was reported to reduce the lignin content. Lignin is a complex racemic phenolic heteropolymer that forms the key structural material supporting most of the tissues in plants and plays an important role in the adaptive strategies of vascular plants. However, lignin exerts a negative impact on the utilization of plant biomass in the paper and pulp industry, forage digestibility, textile industry, and production of biofuel. Therefore, the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis was analyzed in this study. This overexpression led to the formation of dwarf plants with altered anisotropic growth and reduced lignification of the stem. 
  • 667
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Homeostasis in Plants
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle and plays essential roles in protein folding, lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, calcium storage, and carbohydrate metabolism. In plants, ER stress usually occurs when they are subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions or at specific developmental stages. An evolutionarily conserved signal network, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated during ER stress to restore ER homeostasis.
  • 667
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Assembly of Super-Complexes in the Plant Chloroplast
Increasing evidence has revealed that the enzymes of several biological pathways assemble into larger supramolecular structures called super-complexes. Indeed, those such as association of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes play an essential role in respiratory activity and promote metabolic fitness. Dynamically assembled super-complexes are able to alternate between participating in large complexes and existing in a free state.
  • 664
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Distribution of Polyphenols from Mediterranean Plants
Polyphenols are a diverse class of natural compounds that are widely distributed in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. They possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and bring benefits in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Studies suggested that polyphenols may improve cardiovascular health and may have neuroprotective effects. The Mediterranean region is a vast area. Although the territory encompasses a wide variety of cultures and dietary patterns, there are some commonalities in terms of the plant-based foods and their polyphenol content.
  • 664
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation in Nitrogen Responses
Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in enhancing crop yield. Its availability, including both supply and deficiency, serves as a crucial signal for plant development. The recent advances in understanding how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA, participate in the regulation of N response and LN adaptation were discussed here. Decoding the epigenome at various levels could accelerate the functional study of how plants respond to N availability. Understanding the epigenetic control of N signaling and adaptation can lead to new strategies to improve NUE and enhance crop productivity sustainably
  • 664
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Distribution C Proteins in Plants
The family of Nuclear Distribution C (NudC) proteins plays a pivotal and evolutionarily conserved role in all eukaryotes. These proteins influence vital cellular processes like cell division, protein folding, nuclear migration and positioning, intracellular transport, and stress response. 
  • 663
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Plant Responses to Stress Combinations
Stress combinations describe the simultaneous exposure of plants to two or more stresses. In the past, stress combinations were defined as simple combinations of two or at most three different stresses, and extensive research has been conducted in this realm. Given the escalating environmental complexity arising from heightened levels of various pollutants and erratic weather patterns due to climate change, studies indicate a substantial decline in plant growth and survival even when each stressor is at a relatively low level, as the number of stressors amplifies their effects. Therefore, studying plant responses to basic stress combinations alone is inadequate for intricate environments.Therefore, the concept of stress combinations has recently broadened, introducing a novel approach to studying plant responses to combined stresses termed “multifactorial stress combinations”(MFSCs). This term denotes combinations of three or more (n ≥ 3) stressors affecting the plant simultaneously or in succession. The simultaneous impacts on plants come from a multitude of stressors such as anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic biotic factors, climatic drivers, and soil-related abiotic factors.
  • 660
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effect of Cd on Gene Expression in Plants
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause damage to living organisms at different levels. Even at low concentrations, Cd can be toxic to plants, causing harm at multiple levels.Previous studies have shown that Cd negatively affects the regulation of energy metabolism genetics pathways, genetics hormone pathways, enzymatic genetics pathways, and phytohormone biosynthesis. These ultimately interfere with the expression of genes in response to Cd-induced stress.
  • 659
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Cysteine Desulfhydrase LCD1
LCD1 mutation caused earlier leaf senescence, whereas LCD1 overexpression significantly delayed leaf senescence compared with the wild type in 10-week tomato seedlings. Moreover, LCD1 overexpression was found to delay dark-induced senescence in detached tomato leaves, and the lcd1 mutant showed accelerated senescence.
  • 656
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Translation Arrest
Plants evolved several mechanisms to protect themselves against viruses. Besides recessive resistance, where compatible host factors required for viral proliferation are absent or incompatible, there are (at least) two types of inducible antiviral immunity: RNA silencing (RNAi) and immune responses mounted upon activation of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors. RNAi is associated with viral symptom recovery through translational repression and transcript degradation following recognition of viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection. NLR-mediated immunity is induced upon (in)direct recognition of a viral protein by an NLR receptor, triggering either a hypersensitive response (HR) or an extreme resistance response (ER).
  • 656
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Downstream Signalling from Molecular Hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is now considered part of the suite of small molecules that can control cellular activity. As such, H2 has been suggested to be used in the therapy of diseases in humans and in plant science to enhance the growth and productivity of plants.
  • 655
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoid Accumulation in Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae family, a source of valuable secondary metabolites (monoterpenoids, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids). The main components of the phytochemical profile are the monoterpenoids of the p-menthane group (thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinen); in addition, the aerial parts of plants are rich in flavonoids and contain rosmarinic acid
  • 655
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Growing Trend toward Organic Potato Practice
Organic farming differs from conventional agriculture in not using synthetic chemicals. There is no doubt that plant protection issues are the most significant problems encountered in organic potato production. Developing a rotation plan and placing the potato crop in the rotation is critical to growing organic potatoes. The rotational design prevents crop diseases and pest outbreaks.
  • 655
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant Invaders
Non-indigenous species are species distributed outside their historic and native range. It has been proposed that a non-indigenous species must go through three stages to become invasive. Firstly, individuals of the species must disperse from their native range to a new area. Secondly, after the introduction, the individuals must survive and reproduce in the new area and become established. Thirdly, once established, the non-indigenous species will increase in number, expand its geographic range, and become a threat to the ecosystem, i.e., become invasive. Thus, the success of invasion depends on the combination of dispersal and demography in a non-native region, and these are affected by the processes of post-dispersal adaptation, genetic diversity, and phenotypic plasticity. However, these processes are not well understood. However, it is well known that invasive species threaten native biodiversity. Based on evidence from metacommunity models, it has been shown that species introductions could disrupt species coexistence, generating extinction debts, especially when combined with other forms of anthropogenic environmental changes. Therefore, the control and eradication of invasive species are essential for the conservation of native species, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, e.g., plant–pollinator networks.
  • 654
  • 27 Jul 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 52
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback