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Topic Review
Flavonoid Accumulation in Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae family, a source of valuable secondary metabolites (monoterpenoids, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids). The main components of the phytochemical profile are the monoterpenoids of the p-menthane group (thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinen); in addition, the aerial parts of plants are rich in flavonoids and contain rosmarinic acid
  • 650
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ribonomics Approaches to Identify RBPome in Plants
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) form complex interactions with RNA to regulate the cell’s activities including cell development and disease resistance. RNA-binding proteome (RBPome) aims to profile and characterize the RNAs and proteins that interact with each other to carry out biological functions. Generally, RNA-centric and protein-centric ribonomic approaches have been successfully developed to profile RBPome in different organisms including plants and animals. Further, more and more novel methods that were firstly devised and applied in mammalians have shown great potential to unravel RBPome in plants such as RNA-interactome capture (RIC) and orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS). Despise the development of various robust and state-of-the-art ribonomics techniques, genome-wide RBP identifications and characterizations in plants are relatively fewer than those in other eukaryotes, indicating that ribonomics techniques have great opportunities in unraveling and characterizing the RNA–protein interactions in plant species. 
  • 649
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Systemic Signaling in Propelling Crop Yield
Food security has become a topic of great concern in many countries. Global food security depends heavily on agriculture that has access to proper resources and best practices to generate higher crop yields. Crops, as with other plants, have a variety of strategies to adapt their growth to external environments and internal needs. In plants, the distal organs are interconnected through the vascular system and intricate hierarchical signaling networks, to communicate and enhance survival within fluctuating environments. Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are fundamental to crop production and agricultural outputs.
  • 649
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cannabis
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most common Cannabis sativa diseases. In spite of this, very few documented studies have characterized the resistance genes involved in PM defense mechanisms, or sources of natural genetic resistance in cannabis.
  • 648
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Grasses and Epichloë Endophytes
Epichloë species of fungi that confer abiotic and biotic stress tolerances to the grass.
  • 644
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin Effects on Plant Photosynthetic Machinery
Extensive research has shed light on the dual role of melatonin in plants, where it serves as both a growth regulator, fostering growth and development, and a potent protector against abiotic stresses. The inherent potential of melatonin to function as a natural antioxidant positions it as a promising biostimulant for agricultural use, bolstering plants’ abilities to withstand a wide array of environmental challenges. Beyond its antioxidant properties, melatonin has demonstrated its capacity to regulate the expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic process. This additional characteristic enhances its appeal as a versatile chemical agent that can be exogenously applied to plants, particularly in adverse conditions, to improve their resilience and optimize photosynthetic efficiency in every phase of the plant life cycle. 
  • 644
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Luteolin in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, are secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic environments, including UV radiation, high light intensity, low/high temperatures, and attacks from pathogens, among others.
  • 641
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Somatic Embryogenesis Initiation in Sugi
This entry aimed to obtain information from several embryogenic cell (EC) genotypes analyzing the factors that affect somatic embryogenesis (SE) initiation in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressaceae) to apply them in the improvement of protocols for efficient induction of embryogenic cell lines (ECLs). The results of several years of experiments including studies on the influence of initial explant, seed collection time, and explant genotype as the main factors affecting SE initiation from male-fertile, male-sterile, and polycross-pollinated-derived seeds are described. Initiation frequencies depending on the plant genotype varied from 1.35 to 57.06%. The best induction efficiency was achieved when seeds were collected on mid-July using the entire megagametophyte as initial explants. The extrusion of ECs started approximately after 2 weeks of culture, and the establishment of ECLs was observed mostly 4 weeks after extrusion on media with or without plant growth regulators (PGRs). Subsequently, induced ECLs were maintained and proliferated on media with PGRs by 2–3-week-interval subculture routines. Although, the initial explant, collection time, and culture condition played important roles in ECL induction, the genotype of the plant material of sugi was the most influential factor in SE initiation.
  • 639
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cysteine Desulfhydrase LCD1
LCD1 mutation caused earlier leaf senescence, whereas LCD1 overexpression significantly delayed leaf senescence compared with the wild type in 10-week tomato seedlings. Moreover, LCD1 overexpression was found to delay dark-induced senescence in detached tomato leaves, and the lcd1 mutant showed accelerated senescence.
  • 639
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomics' Role in Crop Improvement and Abiotic Stresses
Plant metabolomics is a rapidly advancing field of plant sciences and systems biology. It involves comprehensive analyses of small molecules (metabolites) in plant tissues and cells. These metabolites include a wide range of compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids and flavonoids), lipids, and more. Metabolomics allows an understanding of the functional roles of specific metabolites in plants’ physiology, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It can lead to the identification of metabolites linked with specific traits or functions. Plant metabolic networks and pathways can be better understood with the help of metabolomics. Researchers can determine how plants react to environmental cues or genetic modifications by examining how metabolite profiles change under various crop stages. Metabolomics plays a major role in crop improvement and biotechnology. 
  • 639
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ketols Serve Signaling Roles in Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Plants produce an array of oxylipins implicated in defense responses against various stresses, with about 600 oxylipins identified in plants to date. Most known oxylipins are the products of lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. One of the most well-characterized oxylipins produced by plants is the hormone jasmonic acid (JA); however, the function of the vast majority of oxylipins remains a mystery. One of the lesser-studied groups of oxylipins is comprised of ketols produced by the sequential action of LOX, allene oxide synthase (AOS), followed by non-enzymatic hydrolysis. Ketols were mostly considered mere by-products of JA biosynthesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that ketols exhibit hormone-like signaling activities in the regulation of diverse physiological processes, including flowering, germination, plant–symbiont interactions, and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. 
  • 636
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Extensive Green Roofs
Extensive Green Roofs (EGRs) are nature-based solutions that provide several environmental, health, social, and economic benefits. This synthesis of about 1430 scientific papers, based on the five Ws, When, Where, Why, Who, and Which, aims to understand how interest in these important green infrastructures originated and developed, as well as the nature of such academic research. Special attention was paid to the way researchers approached plant selection.
  • 636
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Signature of Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is an integral component of various stress conditions in plants, and this fact largely determines the substantial overlap in physiological and molecular responses to biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. Despite of the significant variation in oxidative stress responses among different plant species and tissues, dynamic and transient character of stress-induced changes in metabolites, and the strong dependence of metabolic responses on the intensity of stress, the available literature data reveal the specific characteristic changes in sugars, sugar derivatives, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and amino acids, associated with adaptation to oxidative stress. The information about metabolic signature of oxidative stress provides the theoretical base for the selection/generation of plants with improved tolerance to oxidative stress and the development of metabolic markers applicable in research and routine agricultural practice.
  • 635
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 635
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants and Cultivable Endophyte Resources
With the increasing demand for medicinal plants and the increasing shortage of resources, improving the quality and yield of medicinal plants and making more effective use of medicinal plants has become an urgent problem to be solved. During the growth of medicinal plants, various adversities can lead to nutrient loss and yield decline. Using traditional chemical pesticides to control the stress resistance of plants will cause serious pollution to the environment and even endanger human health.
  • 635
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plant Invaders
Non-indigenous species are species distributed outside their historic and native range. It has been proposed that a non-indigenous species must go through three stages to become invasive. Firstly, individuals of the species must disperse from their native range to a new area. Secondly, after the introduction, the individuals must survive and reproduce in the new area and become established. Thirdly, once established, the non-indigenous species will increase in number, expand its geographic range, and become a threat to the ecosystem, i.e., become invasive. Thus, the success of invasion depends on the combination of dispersal and demography in a non-native region, and these are affected by the processes of post-dispersal adaptation, genetic diversity, and phenotypic plasticity. However, these processes are not well understood. However, it is well known that invasive species threaten native biodiversity. Based on evidence from metacommunity models, it has been shown that species introductions could disrupt species coexistence, generating extinction debts, especially when combined with other forms of anthropogenic environmental changes. Therefore, the control and eradication of invasive species are essential for the conservation of native species, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, e.g., plant–pollinator networks.
  • 634
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant Responses to Stress Combinations
Stress combinations describe the simultaneous exposure of plants to two or more stresses. In the past, stress combinations were defined as simple combinations of two or at most three different stresses, and extensive research has been conducted in this realm. Given the escalating environmental complexity arising from heightened levels of various pollutants and erratic weather patterns due to climate change, studies indicate a substantial decline in plant growth and survival even when each stressor is at a relatively low level, as the number of stressors amplifies their effects. Therefore, studying plant responses to basic stress combinations alone is inadequate for intricate environments.Therefore, the concept of stress combinations has recently broadened, introducing a novel approach to studying plant responses to combined stresses termed “multifactorial stress combinations”(MFSCs). This term denotes combinations of three or more (n ≥ 3) stressors affecting the plant simultaneously or in succession. The simultaneous impacts on plants come from a multitude of stressors such as anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic biotic factors, climatic drivers, and soil-related abiotic factors.
  • 634
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) Hemagglutinin
Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) is used in traditional and conventional medicine. However, there is lack of data on the biological activities of primary plant metabolite lectins. The aim of our experiment was to find out how lectin LysM (lysine motif), which was previously purified, affects the immune response in vivo. Eight-week-old BALB/c male mice (n = 15) received four weekly 250 μg/kg peritonial injections of purified Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) roots’ LysM lectin. The control animal group (n = 15) received 50 μL peritoneal injections of fresh Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) root tincture, and the negative control animal group (n = 15) received 50 μL peritoneal injections of physiological solution. At the fifth experimental week, the animals were sedated with carbon dioxide, and later euthanized by cervical dislocation, and then their blood and spleen samples were collected. The leukocytes’ formula and lymphocytes’ count was estimated in blood samples, the T lymphocytes’ density was evaluated in spleen zones. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between each group was observed in the leukocytes’ formula (monocytes’ percentage, also little, medium and giant size lymphocytes). The purple coneflower fresh roots’ tincture significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the T lymphocytes’ quantity in peritoneal lymphoid sheaths (PALS) compared with the physiological solution injection’s group (p < 0.05) and the lectin injection’s group (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, lectin injections caused a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the T lymphocytes in a spleen PALS zone, compared with the physiological solution and tincture injection’s group. Our data suggests that LysM lectin acts as an immunostimulant, while fresh purple coneflower tincture causes immunosuppression.
  • 633
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transcription Factors Involved in the Virus Stress Responses
Transcription factors, which possess DNA-binding domains, play a significant role in controlling the transcription regulation and developmental processes, as well as responses to environmental cues in plants.
  • 631
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Cd on Gene Expression in Plants
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can cause damage to living organisms at different levels. Even at low concentrations, Cd can be toxic to plants, causing harm at multiple levels.Previous studies have shown that Cd negatively affects the regulation of energy metabolism genetics pathways, genetics hormone pathways, enzymatic genetics pathways, and phytohormone biosynthesis. These ultimately interfere with the expression of genes in response to Cd-induced stress.
  • 631
  • 23 May 2023
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