Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
The Method of 3D Printing in Clothing
Clothing is considered to be an important element of human social activities. With the increasing maturity of 3D printing technology, functional 3D printing technology can realize the perfect combination of clothing and electronic devices while helping smart clothing to achieve specific functions. Furthermore, the application of functional 3D printing technology in clothing not only provides people with the most comfortable and convenient wearing experience, but also completely subverts consumers’ perception of traditional clothing. 
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sawndip
Zhuang characters or Sawndip ([θaɯ˨˦ɗip˥]), are logograms derived from Chinese characters and used by the Zhuang people of Guangxi and Yunnan, China to write the Zhuang languages for more than one thousand years. The script is not only used by the Zhuang but also by the closely related Bouyei in Guizhou, China and Tay in Vietnam and Nùng, in Yunnan, China and Vietnam. Sawndip (Sawndip: 𭨡𮄫)[lower-alpha 1] is a Zhuang word that means "immature characters". The Zhuang word for Chinese characters used in the Chinese language is sawgun (Sawndip: 𭨡倱; "characters of the Han"); gun is the Zhuang term for the Han Chinese. Even now, in traditional and less formal domains, Sawndip is more often used than alphabetical scripts.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Urban Fragility
Urban fragility is one of the big challenges for the late-modern city coping with the growing external pressures (from the environment) and internal tensions (within the social system), typically referable to the socio-cultural and political-economic climate, definitely characterising the current "Age of Changes". A broad institutional context is involved in that undertaking, and many studies and reports show how fragility is linked above all to the growing complexity of the cities. The ever-increasing population, extension, density and cultural mixite, as well as the fast “filtering up and down” processes, are some symptoms of the combination of two fundamental drivers. Firstly, the exponential technological progress—mostly concerning the geographical and digital accessibility—has been encouraging far more people to claim a better socio-economic status, which urban location, by definition, is symbol of. Secondly, the progressive human/environmental unfairness of economy over the planet and the related increase in insecurity, push the transfer of large masses of the population towards the richer countries of the developed geo-economic areas, and in particular towards the larger, more heterogeneous, complex and vibrant cities. This new climate involves the accountability of the neoliberal model allowing a limited number of subjects to concentrate the largest part of the liquidity created as a result of the progressive “financial abstraction” of the real wealth over the era of post-globalization, that is the age of the contemporary archipelago-economies. The development of the city has always gone together with the spread and reinforcement of the financial institutions more able to give a monetary shape to the flows of wealth, thus indirectly increasing the part of the surplus of social product intended to the social overhead capital; the latter is at the same time cause and effect of the concentration of wealth and people, activities and tensions, conflicts and hopes (in one word, of value) in urban shapes. On the urban-scale, in turn, such processes have been occurring creating and populating denser and denser built areas at the expenses of other ones (decaying historic centers or peripheral neighborhoods) progressively neglected and jeopardized. The coexistence of such different value density degrees increases the fragility of the city as a whole; the most visible and permanent tracks of these inequalities reflect in the urban shape and namely in its economic form that is the urban capital value shape, displayed by the real estate market price map. Some remarks about the concept of fragility in the field of territorial studies can help to better understand how the urban eco-social system deals with it. The perspective of the “real estate-scape”, in fact, assumes the social and urban fragility issue, since one of the main focuses of the urban renovation planning process in its broad lines. The colloquial meaning of “fragility” closely relates to its physical definition concerning the tendency of a solid material to break abruptly, without any yielding deformation, which has previously occurred. In the urban studies some insights need to be done to understand a conceptual significance of fragility, considering its original causes and those effects typically concerning the current drift of the urban phenomenon. Since the above early definition does not take into account the driving forces of the urban fragility and their most perceptible effects, a further and more extensive meaning of it can be derived from material sciences, thus highlighting the deep and constitutive causes of it. Fragility is “the property that characterizes how rapidly the dynamics of a material slow down as it is cooled toward the glass transition: materials with a higher fragility have a relatively narrow glass transition temperature range, while those with low fragility have a relatively broad glass transition temperature range”. By metaphorizing such definition, and referring to the relationship between the socio-economic situation of a city and the real estate capital asset value, an urban system can be considered more fragile when the “socio-economic cooling” (i.e., a decrease in rights and incomes) gives rise to sudden, pathological and irreversible fall of the real estate market prices; on the contrary, an urban system seems to be more resilient when such effects are slower and easily metabolized, and can also be reversed when an opposite cause occurs. Furthermore, “physically, fragility may be related to the presence of dynamical heterogeneity in glasses, as well as to the breakdown of the usual Stokes–Einstein relationship between viscosity and diffusion”.
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing and Circular Economy
Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a disruptive and powerful tool for industrial systems in the Industry 4.0 era by helping businesses flourish in the contemporary dynamic competitive landscape. However, their achievements and development highly rely on “take-make-waste” linear business models, which come, all too often, to the detriment of the environment. Hence, a shift to Circular Economy (CE) practices promoting the acceleration of the transition to resource-efficient systems and the minimization of environmental degradation is now more imperative than ever. 
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cinnamon and Poultry Gut Health
Plant bioactive compounds, such as phytochemicals, in poultry diets, are gaining popularity due to their potential antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have emerged as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promotors and have great potential in the poultry industry. In recent years, cinnamon (one of the most widely used spices) has attracted attention from researchers as a natural product with numerous health benefits for poultry. The essential oils in cinnamon, in particular, are of interest because of their antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, in addition to their ability to stimulate digestive enzymes in the gut. This review mainly emphasizes the potential impact of cinnamon as a natural feed additive on overall gut health, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical profile, gene expression, gut microbiota and immune response.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Aromatic Polyimide Films for Electronic Applications
Aromatic polyimides have excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength and toughness, high electric insulating properties, low dielectric constants and dissipation factors, and high radiation and wear resistance, among other properties, and can be processed into a variety of materials, including films, fibers, carbon fiber composites, engineering plastics, foams, porous membranes, coatings, etc. Aromatic polyimide materials have found widespread use in a variety of high-tech domains, including electric insulating, microelectronics and optoelectronics, aerospace and aviation industries, and so on, due to their superior combination characteristics and variable processability. In recent years, there have been many publications on aromatic polyimide materials, including several books available to readers. In this review, the representative progress in aromatic polyimide films for electronic applications, especially in our laboratory, will be described.
  • 2.2K
  • 05 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cytokines Drive Angiogenesis
Cytokines are important molecular players in cancer development, progression, and potential targets for treatment. Despite being small and overlooked, research has revealed that cytokines influence cancer biology in multiple ways. Cytokines are often found to contribute to immune function, cell damage, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and several other cellular processes important to tumor survival. Cytokines have also proven to have powerful effects on complex tumor microenvironment molecular biology and microbiology.  Angiogenesis, also termed neovascularization, is blood vessel development from pre-existing vasculature. It is regulated by a careful balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors.
  • 2.2K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Linear Tape File System
The Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is a file system that allows files stored on magnetic tape to be accessed in a similar fashion to those on disk or removable flash drives. It requires both a specific format of data on the tape media and software to provide a file system interface to the data. The technology, based around a self-describing tape format developed by IBM, was adopted by the LTO Consortium in 2010.
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHP-FRC)
UHPC is a cement based composite used to increase the life of new and existing structures. This new compound can replace concrete in harsh regions. After decades of research and manufacture, a range of commercial UHPC compositions are now accessible internationally to address demand for high-quality construction materials. UHPC provides substantial improvements over regular concrete, however its use is limited by design regulations and high prices. A detailed research of UHPC's durability qualities is needed to guide testing requirements and techniques and expand its practical usage. This study aims to promote UHPC research and applications.  
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effect of LEO Environment on Composite Materials
Space weather in terms of low earth orbits has been characterized into seven main elements, namely microgravity, residual atmosphere, high vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet and ionization radiation, solar radiation, and space debris. Each element effects on polymers and composite materials. Quantification of these effects can be evaluated by understanding the mechanisms of material degradation caused by each environmental factor along with its synergetic effect. Hence, the design elements to mitigate the material degradation can be identified. Finally, a cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram) is designed to characterize the important design elements required to investigate while choosing a material for a satellite’s structure. This will help the designers to develop experimental methodologies to test the composite material for its suitability against the space environment. Some available testing facilities will be discussed. Some potential polymers will also be suggested for further evaluation.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
LCA of Edible Flower Production
The globalization of the floricultural sector creates more competition, challenging the innovation and reorganization of some ornamental and horticultural nurseries, which started to look at flowers as food products. This research aims to quantify the environmental impact of the emerging productive process of edible flowers through the LCA – Life Cycle Analysis method, due to the higher awareness towards sustainability. Two model species and two types of final products were chosen, using a “cradle to gate” approach.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SHORT Syndrome
Short stature, hyperextensibility, hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay, commonly known by the acronym SHORT syndrome, is a rare disorder that affects many parts of the body.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Canada’s Open Work Permit for Vulnerable Workers Policy
In June 2019, the Government of Canada implemented the Open work permit for vulnerable workers (OWP-V) policy, authorizing immigration officers to issue open work permits to migrant workers on employer-specific work permits if they demonstrate reasonable grounds to believe that they are experiencing abuse or are at risk of abuse in their workplace. Drawing on research conducted by a community organization on the impact of the policy, the policy’s potential to remedy the problematic effects of the employer-specific work permit and whether it has been implemented efficiently are examined here. The research concludes that the OWP-V policy cannot be expected to counteract the high risk of abuse imposed on workers through the employer-specific work permit. Numerous barriers were identified that make it difficult for migrant workers to apply for the permit. The small number of OWP-V permits issued in proportion to the number of employers authorized to hire migrant workers makes it unlikely that the policy will significantly impact employers’ propensity to comply with the program conditions.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Crossover of Work Engagement
Work engagement is related to a plethora of positive outcomes both at the individual and organizational level. This positive organizational state can cross over from one individual to another, and this process may depend on several factors, such as the work context or individual differences. Crossover is a form of emotional contagion, and a conscious procedure in which transference of emotions and affective states is facilitated by the empathic reactions of partners.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Descent Propulsion System
The Descent Propulsion System (DPS) or Lunar Module Descent Engine (LMDE) is a variable-throttle hypergolic rocket engine developed by Space Technology Laboratories (TRW) for use in the Apollo Lunar Module Descent Stage. It used Aerozine 50 fuel and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) oxidizer. This engine used a pintle injector, a design also used later in the SpaceX Merlin engine.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dental Prosthetics or Implants
Dental implants or prosthetics are used to replace missing teeth and treat partially or fully damaged teeth. The dental implant success rate is more than 90% after ten years, ensuring long-term reliability. There are three primary types of dental implants: endosteal or endosseous, subperiosteal, and transosteal. Dental implants are a continuously growing market for both medical and cosmetic purposes. Modern science has allowed dentists to offer a wide variety of implants, such as crowns, screws, dental bridges, dentures, and braces. Implant reliability and proper design are essential for patient comfort and usage. The selection of suitable materials, depending on the patient’s oral health and implant objectives, is the primary criteria for proper implant design.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Actin Bundles
Actin is one of the key and highly conserved elements of the cytoskeleton. It is indispensable for driving many cellular processes, including cell migration, cytokinesis, vesicle transport, and contractile force generation. To perform diverse functions, actin filaments assemble into higher-order structures such as branched actin networks and actin bundles. This entry describes different types of actin bundles present in cells, their locations, and the bundling proteins involved in their formation.
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Rumen Development of Goats
As small ruminant species, goat kids are born with deficient physical, metabolic, and microbial rumen development. The rumen is the point of contact between the host and the nutrients consumed, where most nutrient digestion and metabolism occur. The process of rumen development, including morphology, metabolic function, and microbial colonization, is a temporal and successional process during the early stage of life. 
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Tourism Industry (2002-2022)
Augmented reality has emerged as a transformative technology, with the potential to revolutionize the tourism industry.
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Infrared and Visible Image Fusion
Infrared and visible image fusion technologies make full use of different image features obtained by different sensors, retain complementary information of the source images during the fusion process, and use redundant information to improve the credibility of the fusion image.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Jan 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback