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Topic Review
Hemorphins
Hemorphins are endogenous peptides that are also known as “non-classical” or “atypical” opioid peptides. They are produced under physiologicalor pathological(inflammation) states by hemoglobin proteolysis. They can be released from almost any of the hemoglobin chains (beta-, kappa-, delta-, or epsilon-chain) except the alpha chain.
  • 709
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Two Non-Tablet Oral Formulations of L-Thyroxine
Increased knowledge of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of orally administered levothyroxine (L-T4) has improved individualization of dosing regimens. However, up to 40–45% of patients, depending on the leading cause of hypothyroidism, are still over- or, more often, undertreated. Unintentional non-adherence to L-T4 replacement therapy includes all situations of unintended drug–drug and drug–food interactions as well as fasting conditions that are not necessarily respected by patients. The non-tablet L-T4 soft-gel capsules and solution have proven bioequivalence with the usual L-T4 tablet Princeps and generic formulations. Clinical studies have suggested higher performance of non-tablet formulations than tablet in those patients with suboptimal adherence. 
  • 709
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mucosal DNA Vaccines Inoculated via the Airway
The highly vascularized URT is the primary route of ingress of inhaled pathogens. A dense network of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) is in the mucosal tissues to help induce pathogen-specific immune responses, reducing occurrences of infections. 
  • 708
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diet, Obesity, and Depression
Obesity and depression co-occur in a significant proportion of the population. Mechanisms linking the two disorders include the immune and the endocrine system, psychological and social mechanisms. 
  • 705
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Treating Epilepsy with Natural Products
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution.
  • 705
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Phytomedicines Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Phytomedicines exist either in isolated or purified form or as a mixture of different secondary metabolites, and are used to prevent and cure different diseases. Phytomedicines may also have vitamins and minerals which are believed to synergize preventive and therapeutic effects, and additionally be useful in treatment of drug-resistant cancers.
  • 705
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
HSP Injection Therapies in Stroke
Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is one of the most debilitating complications after stroke [1]. Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) hampers post-stroke functional recovery and is not well managed with conservative treatments.
  • 704
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Treatments for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a complex disease for which pharmacological treatment does not guarantee success or cure. Plants possess phytochemical components with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, mainly coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Several studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds from plants can exert anti-tumor activity through various signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, autophagy, modification of the tumor microenvironment, cell arrest, and the suppression of angiogenesis.
  • 703
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Properties of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
For thousands of years till nowadays, Nigella sativa (NS) has served as a common spice and food preservative. Its seed extracts, seed oil, and essential oil in traditional medicine have been used to remedy many ailments such as headaches, fever, gastric complaints, and even rheumatism. In addition, the antibacterial, virucidal, fungicidal, and antiparasitic properties of NS are well known. However, studies on the possible immunomodulatory effects of black cumin are relatively scarce.
  • 700
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecules for Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor. The current standard of care for GBM is the Stupp protocol which includes surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy concomitant with the DNA alkylator temozolomide; however, survival under this treatment regimen is an abysmal 12–18 months. New and emerging treatments include the application of a physical device, non-invasive ‘tumor treating fields’ (TTFs), including its concomitant use with standard of care; and varied vaccines and immunotherapeutics being trialed. Some of these approaches have extended life by a few months over standard of care, but in some cases are only available for a minority of GBM patients. Extensive activity is also underway to repurpose and reposition therapeutics for GBM, either alone or in combination with the standard of care. 
  • 698
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Alginates
Alginates (ALG) have been used in biomedical and pharmaceutical technologies for a long time. ALG are natural polymers occurring in brown algae and feature multiple advantages, including biocompatibility, low toxicity and mucoadhesiveness. Moreover, ALG demonstrate biological activities per se, including anti-hyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, anti-reflux, immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory activities. ALG are characterized by gelling ability, one of the most frequently utilized properties in the drug form design. ALG have numerous applications in pharmaceutical technology that include micro- and nanoparticles, tablets, mucoadhesive dosage forms, wound dressings and films. However, there are some shortcomings, which impede the development of modified-release dosage forms or formulations with adequate mechanical strength based on pure ALG. Other natural polymers combined with ALG create great potential as drug carriers, improving limitations of ALG matrices. 
  • 698
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals and Parkinson’s Disease
Complementary therapies and phytonutrients derived from plant sources have been proposed as treatments for Parkinson’s disease. Numerous natural phytochemicals have emerged as therapeutically interesting compounds, drug entities, and phytochemicals for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Additionally, numerous pharmacological studies have shown that phytochemicals are useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), depression, and dementia.
  • 695
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme and Drug Transporter Expression
Sparse and conflicting evidence exists regarding the localization, expression, and regulation of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters across gestational stages. To resolve the uncertainties and assumptions in current knowledge, additional pharmacokinetic (PK) data and clinical pharmacology research are required to understand drug metabolism and transport in the pregnant woman and in the placenta.
  • 691
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles-Loaded Microneedle Technology
Microneedles (MNs), renowned for their painless and minimally invasive qualities, exhibit significant potential for facilitating effective drug delivery, vaccination, and targeted sample extraction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), serving as cargo for MNs, are naturally occurring nanovesicles secreted by cells and characterized by novel biomarkers, low immunogenicity, and cell-source-specific traits. MNs prove instrumental in extracting EVs from the sample fluid, thereby facilitating a promising diagnostic and prognostic tool. To harness the therapeutic potential of EVs in tissue repair, MNs with sustained delivery of EVs leverage micron-sized channels to enhance targeted site concentration, demonstrating efficacy in treating various diseases, such as Achillea tendinopathy, hair loss, spinal cord injury, and diabetic ulcers. EV-loaded MNs emerge as a promising platform for repair applications of skin, cardiac, tendon, hair, and spinal cord tissues.
  • 690
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Strategies for the Appropriateness of Medication Use
The evidence on the effectiveness of strategies and tools to promote and improve medication appropriateness and their sustainability largely derives from local and heterogeneous experiences with contrasting results. As a general framework, three main steps should be considered in implementing measures to improve the appropriateness of medications: prescription, acceptance by the patient, and continuous monitoring of adherence and the risk-benefit profile. Each step needs efforts from specific actors (physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) and dedicated supporting tools. Moreover, how to support the appropriateness also strictly depends on the particular care setting (hospital, ambulatory or primary care, nursing home, long-term care) and available economic resources. 
  • 688
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Kidney Tubular Damage Secondary to Deferasirox
Deferasirox is a first-line therapy for iron overload that can sometimes cause kidney damage. A proximal tubulopathy pattern may be observed on treatment with deferasirox. Since deferasirox-associated kidney damage is dose-dependent, physicians should prescribe the lowest efficacious dose. 
  • 685
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Activities of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus
Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu (E. sessiliflorus), a member of the Araliaceae family, is a valuable plant widely used for medicinal and dietary purposes. The tender shoots of E. sessiliflorus are commonly consumed as a staple wild vegetable. The fruits of E. sessiliflorus, known for their rich flavor, play a crucial role in the production of beverages and fruit wines. The root barks of E. sessiliflorus are renowned for their therapeutic effects, including dispelling wind and dampness, strengthening tendons and bones, promoting blood circulation, and removing stasis. To compile a comprehensive collection of information on E. sessiliflorus, extensive searches were conducted in databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and CNKI. 
  • 685
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Xenobiotics Modulating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Energy Homeostasis
There are fundamental sex differences in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of energy balance that account for this asymmetry will assist in developing sex-specific therapies for sexually dimorphic diseases such as obesity. Multiple organs, including the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, play vital roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, which are regulated differently in males and females. Various neuronal populations, particularly within the hypothalamus, such as arcuate nucleus (ARC), can sense nutrient content of the body by the help of peripheral hormones such leptin, derived from adipocytes, to regulate energy homeostasis. Substances from diet and environmental contaminants can exert insidious effects on energy metabolism, acting peripherally through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developmental AhR activation can impart permanent alterations of neuronal development that can manifest a number of sex-specific physiological changes, which sometimes become evident only in adulthood. AhR is being investigated as a potential target for treating obesity. The consensus is that impaired function of the receptor protects from obesity in mice. AhR also modulates sex steroid receptors.
  • 683
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Four Atraphaxis Species
Atraphaxis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae, with approximately 60 species. Species of Atraphaxis are much-branched woody plants, forming shrubs or shrubby tufts, primarily inhabiting arid zones across the temperate steppe and desert regions of Central Asia, America, and Australia. Atraphaxis species have been used by diverse groups of people all over the world for the treatment of various diseases.
  • 683
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Investigating Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an incurable skin disease that develops in about two-thirds of patients before the age of 40 and requires lifelong treatment; its pathological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The core pathological process of psoriasis is epidermal thickening caused by the excessive proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, which is similar to the key feature of cancer; the malignant proliferation of cancer cells causes tumor enlargement, suggesting that there is a certain degree of commonality between psoriasis and cancer.
  • 680
  • 07 Oct 2023
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