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Topic Review
Subtypes of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a negative expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2). The survival rate for TNBC is generally worse than other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC treatment has made significant advances, but certain limitations remain. Treatment for TNBC can be challenging since the disease has various molecular subtypes. A variety of treatment options are available, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Chemotherapy is the most common of these options. TNBC is generally treated with systemic chemotherapy using drugs such as anthracyclines and taxanes in neoadjuvant or adjuvant settings. Developing resistance to anticancer drugs and off-target toxicity are the primary hindrances to chemotherapeutic solutions for cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition commonly observed in the core of solid tumors. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) act as hypoxia sensors that orchestrate a coordinated response increasing the pro-survival and pro-invasive phenotype of cancer cells, and determine a broad metabolic rewiring. These events favor tumor progression and chemoresistance. The increase in glucose and amino acid uptake, glycolytic flux, and lactate production; the alterations in glutamine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation; the high levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; the modulation of both fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are hallmarks of the metabolic rewiring induced by hypoxia.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Splice Site Selection Abrogated in Cancer
Splicing and alternative splicing (AS) must be tightly regulated, as they have profound effects on gene expression. Various cis-regulatory elements control the fidelity and efficiency of splicing. These include the 5′ and 3′ splice sites (SSs), splicing enhancers, splicing silencers, branch points, and polypyrimidine tracts. A quality control mechanism of splice site selection termed Suppression of Splicing (SOS), was proposed to protect cells from splicing at the numerous intronic unused, latent 5′ splice sites (LSSs) sequences, which are not used under normal growth condition. However, under stress and in cancer thousands of LSSs are activated in splicing resulting in the expression of thousands of aberrant nonsense mRNAs that may be toxic to cells. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Locoregional Therapies in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed primary liver malignancy. Its efficient management depends on early detection, the stage of progression of the disease and underlying liver function. Available curative treatments include liver transplantation, resection and ablation. These are in addition to cryoablation, microwave ablation and percutaneous alcohol injection. In cases of the late detection of HCC, many patients with locally advanced disease and are offered locoregional therapies, including transarterial chemoembolization and selective internal radiation therapy, plus external beam radiation.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Lymphoblastic Leukemias and Lymphomas
The diagnosis and treatment of lymphoid neoplasms have undergone a progressively positive change in the past, with accelerated progress in the previous decade due to the advent of genomics in cancer diagnosis. Significantly, there has been an increasing emphasis on integrating molecular genetics with clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic evaluation for diagnosis. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Domestic Animal Models of Central Nervous System Tumors
Intracranial primary tumors (IPTs) are aggressive forms of malignancies that cause high mortality in both humans and domestic animals. Meningiomas are frequent adult IPTs in humans, dogs, and cats, and both benign and malignant forms cause a decrease in life quality and survival. Surgery is the primary therapeutic approach to treat meningiomas, but, in many cases, it is not resolutive. The chemotherapy and targeted therapy used to treat meningiomas also display low efficacy and many side effects. Therefore, it is essential to find novel pharmacological approaches to increase the spectrum of therapeutic options for meningiomas.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Short Non-Coding RNA-Based Therapies
RNA therapies have demonstrated clinical potential for both the treatment of cancer and other pathologies. Therapeutic delivery and resulting adverse events remain significant roadblocks in implementing many of these drugs into clinical practice, but the FDA approval of three Alnylam Pharmaceuticals’ small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) therapies has been a milestone in developing therapies tailored to disease-driving target genes. While it seems that RNAs can be administered “naked” in closed-compartment organs such as eyes and lungs, more research is needed for systemic administration. Lipid nanoparticles represent a promising delivery method, but some challenges remain because of their potential to elicit an immune response, relatively low circulation times, and relatively large size. The use of GalNAc for the delivery and targeting of siRNAs has made significant progress, but delivery systems targeted to organs other than the liver would broaden the range of diseases that could be treated with RNA therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
LncRNAs HOTAIR in BC therapy
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type among women, and morbidity and mortality rates are still very high. Despite new innovative therapeutic approaches for all BC molecular subtypes, the discovery of new molecular biomarkers involved in tumor progression has been fundamental for the implementation of personalized treatment strategies and improvement of patient management. Many experimental studies indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are strongly involved in BC initiation, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. In particular, aberrant expression of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) lncRNA plays an important role in BC contributing to its progression and represents a predictor of BC metastasis. For its proven prognostic value, HOTAIR could represent a potential therapeutic target in BC.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The tumor microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and continuously evolving milieu composed of a heterogeneous assemblage of distinct cancer cells and host cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), endothelial cells, pericytes, immune cells, and extracellular matrix components that constitute the tumor parenchyma and tumor stroma (Beury et al., 2014; Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). These various cell types exhibit an extensive and reciprocal crosstalk that dynamically regulates the phenotype and function of the individual cells within the TME (Haist et al., 2021). Tumor growth and mechanisms of tumor resistance are profoundly influenced by this relationship of cancer cells with their surrounding environment, making the TME an active promotor of cancer progression. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Large Language Model-Enabled Medical Chatbots
The trajectory of artificial intelligence (AI) development spans decades, with machine learning (ML) emerging as a pivotal force in propelling AI’s evolution. The adoption of AI and ML in the medical field has experienced significant growth, particularly in ML-enabled medical devices. Chatbots, AI-driven conversational agents prevalent in online interactions, have found extensive utility in disseminating healthcare information and enhancing customer services. These features encompass accurate information retrieval, symptom assessment, and diagnosis support to help in understanding and addressing health concerns. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Adenocarcinoma of the Colon
Adenocarcinoma of the colon is the most common malignant neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract and is a major contributor to mortality worldwide. Invasiveness and metastatic behavior are typical of malignant tumors and, because of its portal drainage, the liver is the closest capillary bed available in this case, hence the common site of metastatic dissemination. Current therapies forecast total resection of primary tumor when possible and partial liver resection at advanced stages, along with systemic intravenous therapies consisting of chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil. These cures are definitely not exempt from drawbacks and heavy side effects. Biocompatible polymeric networks, both in colloids and bulk forms, able to absorb large quantities of water and load a variety of molecules-belong to the class of innovative drug delivery systems, thus suitable for the purpose and tunable on each patient can represent a promising alternative. Indeed, the implantation of polymeric scaffolds easy to synthesize can substitute chemotherapy and combination therapies scheduling, shortening side effects. Moreover, they do not require a surgical removal thanks to spontaneous degradation and guarantees an extended and regional cargo release, maintaining high drug concentrations.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Sleep disturbances represent an understudied yet common source of distress among pediatric cancer patients and survivors, with deleterious effects on quality of life. Sleep issues stem from multiple risk factors, yet individual contributors are difficult to isolate, consequently impeding the identification of targets for intervention.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gamma-Interferon in Cancer Hyperprogression
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve the survival of patients with multiple types of cancer. However, low response rates and atypical responses limit their success in clinical applications. The paradoxical acceleration of tumor growth after treatment, defined as hyperprogressive disease (HPD), is the most difficult problem facing clinicians and patients alike. The mechanisms that underlie hyperprogression (HP) are still unclear and controversial, although a large number of studies have investigated the phenomenon and several associated factors have been reported. Gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine in antitumor response and its levels increase during ICI therapy. Even though this factor has been widely associated with resistance to ICI therapy, it has not yet been demonstrated to be directly associated with HP. Nevertheless, data suggest that IFN-γ may contribute to HP onset through different mechanisms, including the activation of the inflammasome pathway, the expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme IDO1 and the triggering of activation-induced cell death (AICD) in effector T cells. These findings make IFN-γ worthy of attention in the context of HPD development.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Endometrial Cancer Racial Disparity
In contrast to the decline in incidence and mortality of most other cancers, these rates are rising for endometrial cancer. Black women with endometrial cancer have an earlier diagnosis, more aggressive histology, advanced stage, and worse outcomes compared with their White counterparts. Socioeconomic status, a higher incidence of aggressive histology, and comorbid conditions are known factors leading to racial disparity in patients with endometrial cancer; nevertheless, they do not account for the entire racial disparity, which emphasizes the roles of molecular, histopathological and genetic factors. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Phytochemicals and Their Structure
Cancer is a challenging disease and is the main cause of mortality worldwide; however, its impact is not evenly distributed. The cancer burden in developed and underdeveloped countries has increased over time owing to a variety of factors, including aging and growing populations, rapid socioeconomic growth, and changes in the incidence of risk factors. Since ancient times, plant-based medicines have been employed in clinical practice and have yielded good results. The modern research system and advanced screening techniques for plants’ bioactive constituents have enabled phytochemical discovery for the prevention and treatment of challenging diseases such as cancer. 
  • 1.0K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
CircRNAs in Human Cancer
In human cancer, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were implicated in the control of oncogenic activities such as tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The most widely described mechanism of action of circRNAs is their ability to act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) for miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs, thus impacting along their axis, despite the fact that a variety of additional mechanisms of action are emerging, representing an open and expanding field of study.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Pathway Dysregulation in Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare malignant conditions with more than 70 subtypes that are difficult to treat, especially in advanced or metastatic states. Next-generation sequencing technologies have provided comprehensive information and developed personalized medicine for treating cancer in general and STSs in particular. Growing knowledge of diverse gene alterations and biomolecular targets in various subtypes of STSs raises hope for novel treatment approaches and heralds a paradigm shift in the treatment of STSs. Activated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) appear to play a critical role in sarcoma development and represent important targets for sarcoma therapy. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus to Cancer Hallmarks
The concept of ‘hallmarks of cancer’ was first introduced by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and represented the cellular traits through which different cancers acquire the capabilities to survive, proliferate and disseminate. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first recognized human oncogenic virus in history, is one of the environmental factors that can drive oncogenesis of several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies through various hallmarks of cancer. This entry summarizes the contribution of EBV lytic proteins to cancer hallmarks and provide a framework to address the complexity of EBV-driven oncogenesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial elements that sustain the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and have emerged as a widespread mechanism of tumor formation and metastasis. In obesity, the adipose tissue becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic, triggering increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and leptin.
  • 999
  • 11 Aug 2021
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