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Topic Review
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies for Improved Agriculture
Climate change refers to a long-term and significant change in measures of climate such as rainfall, temperature, wind or snow patterns. Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are considered major factors responsible for adversely accelerating the degree of climate change. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and temperature fluctuations are devastating crops’ physiological responses, productivity and overall yield, which is ultimately posing a serious threat to global food security and agroecosystems. The applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides contribute towards further deterioration and rapid changes in climate. Therefore, more careful, eco-friendly and sustainable strategies are required to mitigate the impact of climate-induced damage on the agricultural sector.
  • 351
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Seagrass Bed Pollution
Due to climate change and human activities, seagrass is in crisis as the coverage of seagrass declines at an accelerated rate globally. The eutrophication in coastal waters and discharge of pollutants such as sulfide, heavy metals, organic matter and microplastics caused by human activities are important reasons for seagrass loss. In addition, environmental stressors lead to reduced immunity and decreased resistance of seagrass to various pathogens, leading to seagrass wasting diseases. 
  • 351
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CH4 and NOx from Marine LNG Engine Exhaust
Compared to diesel, liquefied natural gas (LNG), often used as an alternative fuel for marine engines, comes with significant advantages in reducing emissions of particulate matter (PM), SOx, CO2, and other pollutants. Promoting the use of LNG is of great significance for achieving carbon peaking and neutrality worldwide, as well as improving the energy structure.
  • 350
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Degradation Processes for Microplastics
Microplastics (MPs) have been shown to be more hazardous than large plastics. Many studies have confirmed the hazards of MPs to organisms and summarized various MP degradation techniques, but there is a lack of discussion on the prospects of the application of these degradation techniques and their degradation efficiency.
  • 348
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Impact of Electricity Generation Technologies
The transformation of the energy sector, based on the development of low-carbon technologies, is essential to achieve climate neutrality. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful methodology for assessing the environmental impact of energy technologies, which proves to be a useful tool for policy makers. 
  • 348
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Recycling Strategies of Plastic Packaging Waste in China
Given their exceptional performance, plastic packaging products are widely used in daily life, and the dramatic expansion in plastic packaging waste (PPW) has exacerbated environmental problems. Many countries have enacted laws and developed recycling technologies to manage plastic packaging waste in consideration of the nature of PPW as both garbage and a resource. As the world’s largest producer and consumer of plastics, China has also taken measures to address this issue.
  • 347
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are metallic chemicals with densities that are higher than that of water. Water pollution by PTEs due to the discharge of untreated pharmaceutical industrial effluents is a risk to human health and ecological integrity. 
  • 346
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles in Estuarine Environments
The factors that can influence the biological responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exposure are temperature, feeding, reproductive status and salinity. These influences have only been studied to a limited extent and there is a limited comprehensive understanding of EMPs’ impact on estuary environments and their risk assessment. Salinity is the major parameter that is responsible for the stress of estuarine organisms and influences the toxicological effects of ENMs.
  • 344
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Aquatic Organisms
Anthropogenic activities on the aquatic ecosystem have direct and indirect effects that negatively affect biodiversity both in freshwater and sea. Among the main threats to aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity is climate change. Climate change can impact marine and freshwater ecosystems in several ways: ocean warming; sea level rise; the loss of sea ice; a decrease in pH due to increased ocean surface acidity; an increased risk of diseases in marine biota; the loss of habitats such as Coral Reef; pollution; nutrient enrichment; hydrological modifications; the spread of invasive species; and increasing levels of UV light. The production of plastic and its release into the environment is contributing to the loss of biodiversity and is becoming a serious threat to animal redox homeostasis and, subsequently, for human health.
  • 342
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
List of Extreme Temperatures in Vatican City
The following list shows the readings of the maximum and minimum temperatures for each year from 1862 to the present, recorded in the weather station of the Collegio Romano in Rome, established in 1788. The station, actually located in the Italian territory, was opened when Rome was part of the Papal States. The first weather station in the Vatican state was opened only in 2009, and is placed in the Palace of the Governorate of Vatican City.
  • 341
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mercury Contamination Distribution in the Amazon Region
Mercury contamination in the Amazon arising from both natural sources and intensive mining activities in the region is a significant public health concern. This metal is used to separate Au from sediments. 
  • 341
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Pesticides
The escalating utilization of pesticides has led to pronounced environmental contamination, posing a significant threat to agroecosystems. The extensive and persistent global application of these chemicals has been linked to a spectrum of acute and chronic human health concerns.
  • 340
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Application of Non-Thermal Plasma over Zeolite-Based Materials
 Zeolite based materials are widely used as adsorbents and catalysts for purifying air pollutants (such as NO) and VOCs due to rich pore structure, regular pore distribution and numerous ion exchange sites. Heat treatment is a necessary procedure to remove impurities in pores and promote the uniform dispersion of metal active substances, and then zeolite based adsorbent/catalyst is used to purify nox/volatile organic compounds. However, the traditional thermal field treatment (i.e. high temperature calcination, high temperature purging, etc.) requires a lot of energy consumption. In contrast, non thermal plasma and other unconventional external field treatments show significant advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption and low pollution, and are used to replace traditional heat treatment in many fields. 
  • 340
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Analytical Methods for Dithiocarbamate Detection
Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are a group of chemicals used primarily as fungicides, although they are exploited for various other applications. DTCs represent one of the oldest classes of broad-spectrum fungicides employed worldwide to control fungal diseases on many crops. Due to their ease of synthesis, low production costs (cheap and readily available starting materials) and a fungicidal activity with a multi-site mode of action, they are still among modern agriculture’s most extensively used pesticides. Although the environmental degradation in air, water, and soil is relatively rapid due to photolysis and/or hydrolysis, they are among the most frequently detected pesticides in the European Union (EU), also with a high frequency of maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances.
  • 338
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Blue Sky Defense for Carbon Emission Trading Policies
In the pursuit of China’s environmental targets to achieve a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, the carbon emission trading scheme (CETs) has emerged as a critical policy instrument. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, China has been on a two-wheel drive to prevent pollution and combat climate change and proposes to fight the Blue Sky Defense.
  • 337
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Homogenization (Climate)
Homogenization in climate research means the removal of non-climatic changes. Next to changes in the climate itself, raw climate records also contain non-climatic jumps and changes, for example due to relocations or changes in instrumentation. The most used principle to remove these inhomogeneities is the relative homogenization approach in which a candidate station is compared to a reference time series based on one or more neighboring stations. The candidate and reference station(s) experience about the same climate, non-climatic changes that happen only in one station can thus be identified and removed.
  • 336
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Practical Application of Temperature Indices in Horticulture
Temperature is the basic factor that differentiates vegetation around the world. All field experiments require the indication of the range of temperatures occurring in a given growing season. Temperature is an important factor determining fruit plant production, both in the growing season and in the winter dormant period. Various air temperature indicators were developed in a way that allowed the best possible description of adaptations of species, cultivars, and regions of adaptations to cultivation. They are based on experimentally obtained data and calculated optimal temperatures of growth and development of plants in particular development stages. In horticulture, the description of dependencies of the growth and development of plants on weather began to be accompanied with the development of simulation models.
  • 336
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Past Developments of Carpathian Forests
The Carpathians are the second largest mountain range in Europe and provide multiple ecosystem services of enormous regional importance. The Carpathians belong to seven Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia), whose share of forest land is among the lowest in Europe (27%). With a total area of 9.92 million hectares, Carpathian forests constitute over 70% of the total forested land in Slovakia and Romania, with Romania alone harboring more than 45% of all Carpathian forests. Most of the Carpathian forests are dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), and silver fir (Abies alba) stands, covering over 70% of the altitudinal range (with the highest point being Gerlachovský štít, 2655 m a.s.l., in the Slovakian Tatra Mountains). The Carpathian Mountains were characterized in terms of their forests in the period starting from Holocene deglaciation. Climate fluctuations and human activities have led to substantial changes in forest systems, and anthropogenic activities, such as logging, fire activities, and grazing, have shaped the distribution and structure of present-day Carpathian forests. The rapid climate change in recent decades adds uncertainty to the future development of these forest systems.
  • 334
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Thermal Treatment Emissions Focusing on CO2 Parameter
Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies can offer sustainable solutions for waste that cannot be further reused or recycled, such as the part of municipal solid waste (MSW) that is not suitable for recycling processes. The two main (most widely used) thermal treatment technologies that can be applied to MSW are direct combustion in an incineration plant and gasification. 
  • 333
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Symptoms of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Cereal Plants
The contamination of soils by heavy metals poses a substantial environmental quandary with far-reaching repercussions for the growth and development of cereal crops. These crops are indispensable for sustainable food systems as they absorb water and nutrients from the soil, potentially uptaking these toxic metals in the process. This phenomenon, known as bioaccumulation, can lead to elevated levels of heavy metals in edible plant parts, such as grains, thereby endangering consumers when these tainted crops are consumed.
  • 332
  • 24 Oct 2023
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