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Topic Review
Immobilized Nanomaterials for Energy Production
Nanomaterials (NMs) have been extensively used in several environmental applications; however, their widespread dissemination at full scale is hindered by difficulties keeping them active in engineered systems. Thus, several strategies to immobilize NMs for their environmental utilization have been established and are described in the present text, emphasizing their role in the production of renewable energies, the removal of priority pollutants, as well as greenhouse gases, from industrial streams, by both biological and physicochemical processes. The challenges to optimize the application of immobilized NMs and the relevant research topics to consider in future research are also presented to encourage the scientific community to respond to current needs.
  • 715
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Landfill Gas Emission Reduction in Brazil
Brazil has established a strong public policy using Clean Development Mechanism Projects to reduce methane emissions from landfills. An important component of these projects is the sale of avoided emissions by the private market to generate revenue.
  • 713
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Housing Injustice
In the United States, there has been a long history of environmental injustice that disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities and low-income communities due to racially targeted policies and widespread discrimination. Environmental racism can be revealed in housing discrimination that perpetuates inequities in exposure to environmental pollutants. Biased credit and mortgaging practices such as redlining have led to housing segregation of racial and ethnic minorities in the USA, permitting policymakers to diminish and disinvest in these communities. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified housing instability for families of color, including Black and Hispanic/Latinx communities, putting them at increased risk for COVID-19 exposure. There is a need to investigate how environmental injustice intensifies the COVID-19 pandemic, illuminates racial and ethnic inequities in exposure to environmental contaminants, and fuels disparities in COVID-19 outcomes.
  • 713
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Thermal Treatment Emissions Focusing on CO2 Parameter
Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies can offer sustainable solutions for waste that cannot be further reused or recycled, such as the part of municipal solid waste (MSW) that is not suitable for recycling processes. The two main (most widely used) thermal treatment technologies that can be applied to MSW are direct combustion in an incineration plant and gasification. 
  • 712
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Magnetoreception of Hypomagnetic Fields
The Earth’s magnetic field is one of the basic abiotic factors in all environments, and organisms had to adapt to it during evolution. On some occasions, organisms can be confronted with a significant reduction in a magnetic field, termed a “hypomagnetic field—HMF”, for example, in buildings with steel reinforcement or during interplanetary flight. HMFs can modify cell signalling by affecting the contents of ions (e.g., calcium) or the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, which participate in cell signal transduction. Additionally, HMFs have different effects on the growth or functions of organ systems in different organisms, but negative effects on embryonal development have been shown. Embryonal development is strictly regulated to avoid developmental abnormalities, which have often been observed when exposed to a HMF. Only a few studies have addressed the effects of HMFs on the survival of microorganisms. Studying the magnetoreception of microorganisms could be useful to understand the physical aspects of the magnetoreception of the HMF.
  • 711
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change Impacts Beach Microbiota
Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. 
  • 710
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Sources of Energy in Transport
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has shown a significant increase as compared to the preindustrial era. The CO2 concentration level stood at 402.31 ppm, approximately 42% higher than the mid-1800 levels (around 280 ppm). Additionally, there have been notable increases in CH4 and N2O levels. The transport sector is considered one of the most polluting sectors, which is why alternative technologies to traditional combustion engines and fuels are being explored, such as battery electric (BEV), hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), compressed natural gas (CNG), biogas (BG), and more.
  • 692
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pollution Control of Industrial Mariculture Wastewater
The main targets of mariculture wastewater treatment are organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other pollutants, such as chemicals, need to be controlled from the feed sources. That is to say, the main target of mariculture wastewater is to remove most of the organic solid wastes containing the above pollutants. The conventional physical, chemical, biological and ecological technologies are feasible for the treatment of all the biodegradable pollutants.
  • 689
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
The Physical Setting of Amazonian Floodplains
Amazonian floodplain forests along large rivers consist of two distinct floras that are traced to their differentiated sediment- and nutrient-rich (várzea) or sediment- and nutrient-poor (igapó) environments.
  • 689
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 and Renewable Energy Production Nexus
In line with the fourth industrial revolution, most countries have imposed a variety of regulations or policies for the goals of energy conservation, sustainable development, and industrial transition. Renewable energy production and its production process, which is widely discussed, especially in the context of sustainable energy, has become more important with Industry 4.0. 
  • 689
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Huizhou Fire Seal Walls in Chinese Traditional Buildings
In the history of human civilization, traditional villages and buildings have been significantly threatened by fire. As an essential part of Huizhou traditional architecture, fire seal walls play a crucial role in preserving Huizhou architecture by effectively blocking the spread of fire. 
  • 685
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Constructed Wetlands to Treat Effluents for Water Reuse
Urban and industrial wastewater discharges remain a major source of pollution worldwide. Urban runoff, stormwater overflows, and untreated sewage discharges are increasingly important sources of pollution. Population growth and the change in annual rainfall patterns associated with climate change make it increasingly difficult to meet the growing demand for recreational, industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Thus, the regeneration of used water with the aim of giving it a second use is increasingly imperative. Solutions based on nature, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), offer high possibilities for the sustainable use of water, facilitating its treatment and reuse in situ, as well as contributions to adaptation to climate change through the use and promotion of vegetation, both in urban and rural areas. The circular economy criteria and objectives require opting for technologies and configurations that allow the recovery of nutrients and other resources contained in wastewater while allowing the reuse or recycling of the water itself for different uses. CWs offer very interesting benefits regarding both sustainability and circularity.
  • 685
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Eggshells as Natural Heterogeneous Catalysts
CaO is a key component of eggshells. Biodiesel is usually produced in a homogeneous manner using chemical catalysts.
  • 679
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Surface Water under Growing Anthropogenic Loads
The increase in the fluxes of elements and compounds into the environment, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and dispersion of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), acidifying gases, and toxic elements and compounds that adversely affect water quality, are considered. 
  • 675
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Harnessing the Power of AI for Pollution Reduction
Pollution is a major global problem that affects the environment, human health, and the economy. Fortunately, AI has the potential to play a significant role in reducing pollution and mitigating its effects. How AI can be used to improve the efficiency of industrial processes, enhance environmental monitoring, develop predictive models, and support citizen science initiatives to reduce pollution were described here.
  • 674
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Optimization Examples for Water Allocation, Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Costs
The field of Water Resources Management (WRM) is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, realizing its direct connections with energy, food, and social and economic sciences, among others. Computationally, this leads to more complex models, wherein the achievement of multiple goals is sought. Optimization processes have found various applications in such complex WRM problems. This entry considers the main factors involved in modern WRM, and puts them in a single optimization problem, including water allocation from different sources to different uses and non-renewable and renewable energy supplies, with their associated carbon emissions and costs. The entry explores the problem mathematically by presenting different optimization approaches, such as linear, fuzzy, dynamic, goal, and non-linear programming models. Furthermore, codes for each model are provided in Python, an open-source language. This entry has an educational character, and the examples presented are easily reproducible, so this is expected to be a useful resource for students, modelers, researchers, and water managers.
  • 673
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Global Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas Markets
Market volatility is a key driver of energy security concerns. It can potentially disrupt the supply of energy resources, leading to price spikes and market imbalances. The COVID-19 pandemic has also contributed to market volatility in the energy sector, as the global economic slowdown has reduced demand for oil and gas, leading to a drop in prices. The global gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets have experienced significant growth over the past few years, driven by the increasing demand from Asia and the adoption of gas in heavy-duty transport.
  • 670
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies for Improved Agriculture
Climate change refers to a long-term and significant change in measures of climate such as rainfall, temperature, wind or snow patterns. Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are considered major factors responsible for adversely accelerating the degree of climate change. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and temperature fluctuations are devastating crops’ physiological responses, productivity and overall yield, which is ultimately posing a serious threat to global food security and agroecosystems. The applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides contribute towards further deterioration and rapid changes in climate. Therefore, more careful, eco-friendly and sustainable strategies are required to mitigate the impact of climate-induced damage on the agricultural sector.
  • 670
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Methods for Monitoring and Studying Forest Vulnerability
Forests around the world are facing climate change. Increased drought stress and severe heat waves have negatively impacted on forest health, making them more vulnerable and prone to dieback and mortality phenomena. Although the term vulnerability is used to indicate an increased susceptibility of forests to climate change with a worsening of their vigour status that can compromise their ability to respond to further climate extreme events, there are still uncertainties on how to evaluate it. Indeed, evaluation of forest vulnerability is complex both because of some critical issues in the estimation methods used and because of the multiple factors influencing the response of forests to ongoing climate change. A way to assess the vulnerability to environmental stresses is by combining remote sensing and dendroecological data.
  • 669
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vermicomposting of Silver Wattle
Vermicomposting is the process of organic waste degradation through interactions between earthworms and microbes. A variety of organic wastes can be vermicomposted, producing a nutrient-rich final product that can be used as a soil biofertilizer. Giving the prolific invasive nature of the Australian silver wattle Acacia dealbata Link in Europe, it is important to find alternatives for its sustainable use. However, optimization of vermicomposting needs further comprehension of the fundamental microbial processes.
  • 660
  • 18 Jan 2022
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