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Topic Review
Integration of Electrical Signals and Phytohormones
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses. Local stimuli sensed by one part of a plant are translated into long-distance signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Changes in levels of phytohormones in distant parts of the plant occur in response to various local stimuli. The regulation of hormone levels can be mediated by long-distance electrical signals, which are also induced by local stimulation. The crosstalk between electrical signals and phytohormones is provided by interaction points and integration nodes that involve changes in pH, Ca2+ and ROS levels. Thus, electrical signals and hormones work together to induce a systemic response.
  • 793
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Recognition and Signaling of Abiotic Stress of Rice
Abiotic stresses pose a significant threat to rice production, and breeding stress-tolerant varieties is crucial for sustainable and efficient farming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind rice's response to different stresses is essential for developing resilient rice varieties. Researchers herein highlight the effects of abiotic stresses on rice and explore the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in stress tolerance. It also discusses the use of omics approaches to identify key genes and proposes future research directions to enhance sustainable rice production. By unraveling the molecular basis of stress response, researchers aim to improve rice breeding strategies and ensure global food security.
  • 791
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cytoskeletal Remodeling during Plant Immunity
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. 
  • 790
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chickpea and Cold Acclimation
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), the third most important grain legume in the world, is an important source of protein to human and animals in Asia and Africa. Consequently, major chickpea growing areas lie in these two continents; however, it is also cultivated in the USA, Canada, and Australia primarily for export to Asian and African countries. Chickpea evolved in the warm climates of the Mediterranean region and is thus sensitive to low temperatures.
  • 787
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants with Immunomodulatory Properties
Numerous scientific papers published highlight the immunological role of adipocytes and their role in inflammatory responses through the secretion of adipocytokines (adipokines), which regulate the adipocyte phenotype through complex mechanisms of action. Normally, adipose tissue produces anti-inflammatory mediators, but with increasing cell hypertrophy, adipose tissue secretes a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), angiotensinogen, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). They also produce the pro-inflammatory hormone leptin, which inhibits the secretion of the anti-inflammatory hormone adiponectin. Compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has a higher rate of lipolysis, a higher infiltration rate of macrophages, and a higher secretion of IL -6, MCP-1, and other inflammation-related markers. With increasing obesity, monocytes infiltrate into adipose tissues, where they mature into macrophages.
  • 787
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biochar Impacts
Around the world, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, is being used to concurrently solve issues with enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and development under both normal and stressful circumstances. It improves water retention, fosters nutrient absorption, and promotes microbial activity, creating a fertile environment that supports sustainable and resilient agriculture. Additionally, biochar acts as a carbon sink, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change impacts. The application of biochar is one of the sustainable approaches to improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the quality of produce and crops yield. Furthermore, biochar has proven to be efficient in different applications, particularly soil amendment for crop production and the removal of pollutants from the contaminated water and soil environments.
  • 784
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Origins and Evolution of Plant Hormone Modules
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. 
  • 779
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR Technology in Flowering Time Engineering
Flowering is a crucial process in the life cycle of most plants as it is essential for the reproductive success and genetic diversity of the species. There are situations in which breeders want to expedite, delay, or prevent flowering, for example, to shorten or prolong vegetative growth, to prevent unwanted pollination, to reduce the risk of diseases or pests, or to modify the plant's phenotypes.
  • 779
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chemistry and pharmacological study of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Apocynaceae)
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., popularly known as “pereiro-preto”, is a small tree that is widely distributed in Northeastern Brazil, more precisely in the Caatinga. Its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture, due to its excellent quality; in traditional medicine, the extract of its leaves and bark is used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The study made it possible to isolate 15-methoxyaspidospermine and 15-methoxypyrifolidine, corroborating the results of pharmacological assays, which showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, especially at 30 mg kg−1 (p < 0.001). Thus, the species was shown to be a promising source of active substances, with special attention paid to its toxicological potential.
  • 775
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Plant Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide (NO), a water- and lipid-soluble free radical and a gaseous, is a redox-related signaling molecule that is rapidly produced by multiple hormonal and environmental stimuli
  • 773
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
RNA/DNA Differences Associated with Drought Response in Wheat
RNA/DNA difference (RDD) is a post-transcriptional RNA modification to enrich genetic information, widely involved in regulating diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. RDDs in the wheat nuclear genome, especially those associated with drought response or tolerance, were not well studied up to now.
  • 772
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Olive Oil Sensory Analysis
In inland areas of Portugal and some regions of the Mediterranean basin, olive production is based on traditional olive groves, with low intensification, local cultivars, aged plants, and centenarian trees. These plants play a key role in the ecosystem, contributing to carbon sequestration and possessing a high genetic diversity, particularly important for selecting cultivars more resistant to climatic changes. Appreciation of the value of this genetic diversity implies genetic, morphological, and physicochemical characterization of centenarian trees, which is expensive and time-consuming. Sensory evaluation is also of utmost importance. 
  • 771
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Leaf Senescence in Rice
Leaf senescence, which is the last developmental phase of plant growth, is controlled by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Leaf yellowing is a visual indicator of senescence due to the loss of the green pigment chlorophyll. During senescence, the methodical disassembly of macromolecules occurs, facilitating nutrient recycling and translocation from the sink to the source organs, which is critical for plant fitness and productivity. Leaf senescence is a complex and tightly regulated process, with coordinated actions of multiple pathways, responding to a sophisticated integration of leaf age and various environmental signals. Many studies have been carried out to understand the leaf senescence-associated molecular mechanisms including the chlorophyll breakdown, phytohormonal and transcriptional regulation, interaction with environmental signals, and associated metabolic changes. The metabolic reprogramming and nutrient recycling occurring during leaf senescence highlight the fundamental role of this developmental stage for the nutrient economy at the whole plant level. The strong impact of the senescence-associated nutrient remobilization on cereal productivity and grain quality is of interest in many breeding programs.
  • 768
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms Involved in Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Maize
Nitrogen is a nutrient that has great mobility in plants, so its metabolism involves several processes, including absorption, reduction, assimilation, translocation and remobilization. The genetic differences between nitrogen uptake or productivity per unit of nitrogen applied to the soil have been studied for several grasses, especially those of commercial importance, such as wheat, rice, oats and, mainly, corn. The latter, in general, is one of the most produced cereals worldwide and one that most requires nitrogen fertilizers to increase productivity.
  • 768
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Kandelia candel Thioredoxin f
Water deficit caused by osmotic stress and drought limits crop yield and tree growth worldwide. Screening and identifying candidate genes from stress-resistant species are a genetic engineering strategy to increase drought resistance. In this study, an increased concentration of mannitol resulted in elevated expression of thioredoxin f (KcTrxf) in the nonsecretor mangrove species Kandelia candel. By means of amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the mangrove Trx was classified as an f-type thioredoxin. Subcellular localization showed that KcTrxf localizes to chloroplasts. Enzymatic activity characterization revealed that KcTrxf recombinant protein possesses the disulfide reductase function. KcTrxf overexpression contributes to osmotic and drought tolerance in tobacco in terms of fresh weight, root length, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. KcTrxf was shown to reduce the stomatal aperture by enhancing K+ efflux in guard cells, which increased the water-retaining capacity in leaves under drought conditions. Notably, the abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity was increased in KcTrxf-transgenic tobacco, which benefits plants exposed to drought by reducing water loss by promoting stomatal closure. KcTrxf-transgenic plants limited drought-induced H2O2 in leaves, which could reduce lipid peroxidation and retain the membrane integrity. Additionally, glutathione (GSH) contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and transgenic plants are more efficient at regenerating GSH from oxidized glutathione (GSSG) under conditions of drought stress. Notably, KcTrxf-transgenic plants had increased glucose and fructose contents under drought stress conditions, presumably resulting from KcTrxf-promoted starch degradation under water stress. We conclude that KcTrxf contributes to drought tolerance by increasing the water status, by enhancing osmotic adjustment, and by maintaining ROS homeostasis in transgene plants.
  • 762
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stress Management in Plants
Climate change is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects plant and animal species, as well as their habitats and ecosystems due to altered weather patterns and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. It also contributes to the spread of pests and diseases. Being rooted in one place, plants are highly sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall, radiation, and other environmental factors, which induce a range of short-term or medium-term reactions, such as the acclimation processes, or long-term phenomena, such as transgenerational adaptation. These reactions can impact the physiological state of plants, affecting their growth and development and leading to reduced seed production and germination, decreased nutrient uptake, and water use efficiency, increased vulnerability to pests and diseases and, in extreme cases, death. The kinetics of the normal biological response is contingent on the intensity and duration of the stressor (acute or chronic). 
  • 761
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metallothionein Genes in Oryza Genus
Metallothionein (MT) proteins are low molecular mass, cysteine-rich, and metal-binding proteins that play an important role in maintaining metal homeostasis and stress response. However, the evolutionary relationships and functional differentiation of MT in the Oryza genus remain unclear.
  • 760
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cirsium appendiculatum
The widespread genus Cirsium Mill. (thistle) is one of the biggest genera in Asteraceae family (subfamily: Carduoideae Cass. Ex Sweet, tribe: Cardueae Cass., subtribe: Carduinae (Cass.) Dumort, sect. Cirsium). It includes about 250 species spread throughout Europe, North Africa, East Asia, Central Asia, SW Asia and North and Central America. Its species have been used for many years as a traditional herbal medicine. As the origin of the name suggests (“khirsos” in Greek means “swollen veins”), the genus Cirsium has been known for centuries for its usage against varicose diseases, to relieve pain.
  • 759
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plant Immune Response
In a world with constant population growth, and in the context of climate change, the need to supply the demand of safe crops has stimulated an interest in ecological products that can increase agricultural productivity. This implies the use of beneficial organisms and natural products to improve crop performance and control pests and diseases, replacing chemical compounds that can affect the environment and human health. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) interact with pathogens directly or by inducing a physiological state of resistance in the plant. This involves several mechanisms, like interference with phytohormone pathways and priming defensive compounds. In Argentina, one of the world’s main maize exporters, yield is restricted by several limitations, including foliar diseases such as common rust and northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). 
  • 759
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Lissorchiid Concept of the Genus Anarhichotrema Shimazu
Anarhichotrema Shimazu, 1973 is a monotypic digenean genus, with the type- and only species, Anarhichotrema ochotense Shimazu, 1973, known to infect North Pacific fishes. This genus was originally described as a member of the Lissorchiidae (Monorchioidea) and later moved to the Zoogonidae (Microphalloidea).
  • 757
  • 07 Mar 2022
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