Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer has an extremely high incidence in women, and its morbidity and mortality rank first among female tumors. With the increasing development of medicine today, the clinical application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has brought new hope to the treatment of breast cancer. Based on the relevant research on the existing drug resistance mechanism, the current treatment plan for reversing the resistance of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is explored, and the potential drug targets are analyzed, aiming to provide a new idea and strategy to reverse the resistance of neoadjuvant chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Perspective of Liquid Biopsy
The term liquid biopsy (LB) refers to the study of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumors nucleic acids free of cells or contained in exosomes, and information about platelets associated with tumors. LB can be performed in different biofluids and allows the limitations of tissue biopsy to be overcome offering possibilities of tumor identification reflecting in real time tumor heterogeneity. In addition, LB allows screening and early detection of cancer, real-time monitoring of therapy, stratification and therapeutic intervention, a therapeutic target and resistance mechanism, and a risk of metastatic relapse. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a class of bone-marrow-derived cells present in blood, epithelial, interstitial and lymphoid tissues, originated from lympho-myeloid hematopoiesis through a series of differentiation processes. Throughout the last decades, DC-based anti-tumor vaccines have proven to be a safe therapeutic approach, although with inconsistent clinical results. The functional limitations of ex vivo monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) commonly used in these therapies are one of the pointed explanations for their lack of robustness. Among characterized human DC subpopulations, conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1) have emerged as a highly desirable tool for empowering anti-tumor immunity. This DC subset excels in its capacity to prime antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and to activate natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are critical factors for an effective anti-tumor immune response.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Other Breast Cancer
Due to the need for quality biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) because of its aggressive nature and limited therapeutic options, it is not surprising that several studies have focused on identifying expression differences in peripheral blood cells between TNBC patients and other classical breast cancer (BC) subtypes. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Glial Tumor Types Are Associated to BRAF Mutations
Drugs targeting activating BRAF mutations have transformed the prognosis and treatment of MAPK-pathway-induced cancers. In neuro-oncology, the better knowledge of the MAPK pathway’s involvement in gliomagenesis offers hope in a subset of brain cancers where conventional therapies have produced disappointing results. The temptation to use BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination in cerebral mutant tumors is high and is providing survival benefit in trials. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cancer and Pregnancy in Post-Roe v. Wade Era
Cancer during pregnancy, affecting 1 in 1000 pregnancies, is rising in incidence due to delayed childbearing and improved detection. Common types include breast cancer, melanoma and cervical cancer and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. There are several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that make its management a challenge to clinicians. Managing it requires multidisciplinary approaches and cautious test interpretation due to overlapping symptoms. To minimize fetal radiation exposure, non-ionizing imaging is preferred, and the interpretation of tumor markers is challenging due to inflammation and pregnancy effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Delivery vehicles in Veterinary Oncology
Nanomedicine is a recent concept in veterinary oncology and provide the possibility of more specific treatment to the patients. In this critical review, we provided the most updated information regarding the use of nanoparticles in veterinary oncology. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNA in Melanoma
Considered to be highly lethal if not diagnosed in early stages, cutaneous malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers, and its incidence continues to rise, largely due to ultraviolet radiation exposure, which is the main carcinogenic factor. Over the years, researchers have started to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which malignant melanoma can be triggered and sustained, in order to establish specific, reliable biomarkers that could aid the prognosis and diagnosis of this fatal disease, and serve as targets for development of novel efficient therapies. The high mutational burden and heterogeneous nature of melanoma shifted the main focus from the genetic landscape to epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications, aiming at elucidating the role of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) in the fine tuning of melanoma progression. Studies have shown that ncRNAs, among them microRNAs and lncRNAs, play a role in melanoma invasion, metastasis and acquired resistance to treatment. In addition, they could serve as prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets for promising therapeutic strategies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Radiometal-Labeled Peptides in Cancer Diagnosis
Radiolabeled biomolecules targeted at tumor-specific enzymes, receptors, and transporters in cancer cells represent an intensively investigated and promising class of molecular tools for the cancer diagnosis and therapy. High specificity of such biomolecules is a prerequisite for the treatment with a lower burden to normal cells and for the effective and targeted imaging and diagnosis. The most impressive outputs in categories of newly developed structures, as well as imaging and diagnosis approaches, and the most intensively studied oncological diseases in this context, are emphasized in order to show future perspectives of radiometal labeled amino acid-based compounds in nuclear medicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer
As suggested from recent findings, the role of alcohol in HNC seems to be broader than that of a simple risk factor. In this entry, authors report evidence from past studies to clarify the role of alcohol consumption in head and neck cancer (HNC) onset. Moreover, we further explore the role of oral microbiota, oxidative stress and genetic expression alterations due to alcohol drinking. Although alcohol is not the exclusive risk factor for HNC carcinogenesis, it plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of both primary tumors and their recurrences, especially by means of ethanol and its metabolic products. Alcohol modifies oral microbiota, enhances intracellular oxidative stress, expose epithelial cells to carcinogens and alters cellular genetic expressions by promoting epigenetic mutations, DNA damage, and inaccurate DNA repair related to the formation of DNA adducts. The relationship between alcohol and HNC has been well established but, unfortunately, there is no clear threshold effect of alcohol for oncogenic patients, so that prevention and monitoring with long-term markers of alcohol consumption (especially those detected in the hair) that relay information on the actual alcohol drinking habits, seem to be the most effective ways to contrast its prevalence (and complications) in HNC drinker-patients. These conclusions seem to be especially important nowadays since, despite the established association between alcohol and HNC, a concerning pattern of alcohol consumption misconducts has been found in both in the general population and HNC  survivors. Interestingly, evidence that we report on HNC etiopathogenesis suggests a key role of polyphenols and alkylating agents for patient management, especially in case of heavy chronic drinkers.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer has a complex tumor microenvironment which engages in extensive crosstalk between cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells. Many of these interactions contribute to tumor resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Using targeted drugs to disrupt interactions between these cells which can support cancer cell growth, invasion, and immune suppression has become an important area of exploration in the pancreatic cancer field.  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common histology of pancreatic cancer, representing >85% of all pancreatic cancer diagnoses.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Perhexiline
Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal drug known to act by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), mitochondrial enzymes critical for fatty acid metabolism.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Berberine - Supportive Action Cancer
Berberine is very promising as the anticancer agent. Berberine not only possesses documented proapoptotic activity, which is in the focus of attention, but also seems to be a very important and promising compound in combined cancer treatment. Sensitization and elimination of drug resistance are very promising trends in the berberine research. What is more, berberine exhibits low toxicity towards healthy cells, which makes it safe for clinical use and proves its activity in biochemical disorders. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tumour Hypoxia-Mediated Immunosuppression
The magnitude of the host immune response can be regulated by either stimulatory or inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Receptor-ligand binding between inhibitory molecules is often exploited by tumours to suppress anti-tumour immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that block these inhibitory interactions can relieve T-cells from negative regulation, and have yielded remarkable activity in the clinic. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Cascade
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have shed from a tumor into the lymphatics and vasculature, ultimately disseminating into blood circulation. Circulating tumor cells are a key player in cancer metastasis, a multi-step and complex process that involves (1) local invasion of primary tumor cells into adjacent tissue; (2) intravasation (trans-endothelial migration into nearby blood vessels); (3) circulation (transient travel and survival in the circulatory system as CTCs); (4) extravasation; (5) colonization. To successfully metastasize, CTCs must evade immune surveillance at every step once they leave the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, immune cells can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis, depending on the cell type and context.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma
       Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest and most aggressive neuroepithelial cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) with an abysmal median survival of 14.6-month despite the multiple forms of intervention. In the United States, the total annual incidence rate of glioma has been ~6 cases per 100,000 individuals, of which GBM accounts for about 50% of the cases, with a higher predominance in males. Clinical studies have indicated that most of the GBM patients present an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB) for certain brain regions, capable of blocking the delivery of agents to cancer sites. The BBB is considered to prevent diffusion of 98% of small-molecule and 100% of large-molecule agents into the brain from blood circulation. Given the aggressive and heterogeneous nature of GBM and the blocking capability of BBB, a very limited number of medications for patients with GBM is available in clinics. In addition, due to the existence of other cellular and extracellular barriers, as well as the development of drug resistance over the treatment course, the efficacy of many current therapeutic approaches has been compromised.        Currently available standards of care for GBM include maximal tumor resection followed by radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and corticosteroids, all of which have immune suppressive characteristics. Unfortunately, complete surgical removal of the whole tumor is almost impossible due to their diffusive characteristics into normal brain tissue. Some reports indicated that ~65% of the post-surgery cases still showed residual tumor cells, which eventually contributed to a high relapse rate of GBM . Therefore, GBM patients may undergo repeated surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or additional bevacizumab treatment. Eventually, most of the patients suffering from GBM will relapse despite an ample set of interventional approaches. According to the data from Surveillance and Epidemiology, the median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients was normally less than 2 years from the time of first progression or relapse. An international phase III randomized trial, conducted by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/National Cancer Institute of Canada (EORTC/NCIC), has shown that the median OS of GBM patients who received radiotherapy and Temozolomide therapy remains poor (14.6 months). Moreover, Grossman and colleagues found that the utilization of systemic chemotherapy and hyperfractionated radiation therapy with corticosteroids is likely to disable immune activity. Immune-suppressive characteristics, high toxicity, and lower OS of traditional care made a considerable number of GBM patients (~50%) not accept any second-line of anti-tumor treatment. In addition, there is no evidence that traditional intervention can significantly impact the OS rate under a recurrence setting. Accordingly, given the poor prognosis and limited therapy regimens for patients affected by GBM, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Lipogenesis and Breast Cancer
In recent years, lipid metabolism has gained greater attention in several diseases including cancer. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism is a key component in breast cancer malignant transformation. In particular, de novo lipogenesis provides the substrate required by the proliferating tumor cells to maintain their membrane composition and energetic functions during enhanced growth. However, it appears that not all breast cancer subtypes depend on de novo lipogenesis for fatty acid replenishment. Indeed, while breast cancer luminal subtypes rely on de novo lipogenesis, the basal-like receptor-negative subtype overexpresses genes involved in the utilization of exogenous-derived fatty acids, in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and lipid droplets, and fatty acid oxidation. These metabolic differences are specifically associated with genomic and proteomic changes that can perturb lipogenic enzymes and related pathways. This behavior is further supported by the observation that breast cancer patients can be stratified according to their molecular profiles. Moreover, the discovery that extracellular vesicles act as a vehicle of metabolic enzymes and oncometabolites may provide the opportunity to noninvasively define tumor metabolic signature. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Macrophages Proliferation in Health and Disease
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have multiple important functions in cancer. Macrophages comprise a heterogeneous and functionally versatile population of innate immune cells. Compelling evidence indicate that the high degree of plasticity of macrophages and their ability to self-renew majorly impact tumor progression and resistance to therapy. In addition, the microenvironmental factors largely affect the metabolism of macrophages and may have a major influence on TAMs proliferation and subsets functions. Thus, understanding the signaling pathways regulating TAMs self-renewal capacity may help to identify promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies in Advanced BTCs
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of adenocarcinomas characterized by presentation with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of the current treatment that provides limited survival benefit, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic agents and strategies. Next-generation sequencing-based molecular profiling has shed light on the underpinnings of the complex pathophysiology of BTC and has uncovered numerous actionable targets, leading to the discovery of new therapies tailored to the molecular targets. Therapies targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) fusion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, and BRAF mutations have produced early encouraging results in selected patients. Current clinical trials evaluating targeted therapies, as monotherapies and in combination with other agents, are paving the way for novel treatment options. Genomic profiling of cell-free circulating tumor DNA that can assist in the identification of an actionable target is another exciting area of development. The present article provides an overview of a precision medicine centered evolving paradigm of BTC treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Propolis and Its Polyphenolic Compounds against Cancer
Propolis (bee glue) is a resinous mixture collected by honeybees from leaf buds and tree sap. It is used by honeybees for sealing holes in honeycombs, and to smooth out the inside walls, reinforcing the structural stability of the hive and protecting the hive entrance from intruders. 
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback