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Topic Review
Contribution of LAT1-4F2hc
LAT1-4F2hc complex is an important amino acid transporter. It mainly transports specific amino acids through the cell membrane, provides nutrition for cells, and participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. LAT1 plays a role in transporting essential amino acids including leucine, which regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alternative RNA Splicing
Alternative splicing relies on the distinction between intronic and exonic sections of DNA within genes. The pre-processed mRNA transcript bears these same sections, which are recognized and spliced together by the spliceosome, a large complex of five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and proteins. Specific consensus sequences such as 5′ dinucleotide GU and 3′ dinucleotide AG in introns are critical to intron recognition.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
LncRNAs HOTAIR in BC therapy
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type among women, and morbidity and mortality rates are still very high. Despite new innovative therapeutic approaches for all BC molecular subtypes, the discovery of new molecular biomarkers involved in tumor progression has been fundamental for the implementation of personalized treatment strategies and improvement of patient management. Many experimental studies indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are strongly involved in BC initiation, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. In particular, aberrant expression of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) lncRNA plays an important role in BC contributing to its progression and represents a predictor of BC metastasis. For its proven prognostic value, HOTAIR could represent a potential therapeutic target in BC.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer has an extremely high incidence in women, and its morbidity and mortality rank first among female tumors. With the increasing development of medicine today, the clinical application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has brought new hope to the treatment of breast cancer. Based on the relevant research on the existing drug resistance mechanism, the current treatment plan for reversing the resistance of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is explored, and the potential drug targets are analyzed, aiming to provide a new idea and strategy to reverse the resistance of neoadjuvant chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is regarded as a sign of early metastasis in liver cancer and can be only diagnosed by a histopathology exam in the resected specimen. Preoperative prediction of MVI status may exert an effect on patient treatment management, for instance, to expand the resection margin.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
PET/CT Radiomics in Lung Cancer
Quantitative extraction of imaging features from medical scans (‘radiomics’) has become a major research topic in recent years. Numerous studies have emphasized the potential use of radiomics for computer-assisted diagnosis, as well as for predicting survival and response to treatment in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, radiomics is appealing in that it enables full-field analysis of the lesion, provides nearly real-time results, and is non-invasive.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Eotaxins in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, with a global incidence of almost 2 million new cases every year. Despite the availability of many diagnostic tests, including laboratory tests and molecular diagnostics, an increasing number of new cases is observed. Thus, it is very important to search new markers that would show high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the detection of colorectal cancer in early stages of the disease. Eotaxins are proteins that belong to the cytokine group—small molecules with a variety of applications. Their main role is the activation of basophils and eosinophils involved in inflammatory processes. On the basis of available literature, we can assume that eotaxins accumulate in cancer cells in the course of CRC. This leads to a decrease in the chemotaxis of eosinophils, which are effector immune cells with anti-tumor activity. This may explain a decrease in their number as a defense mechanism of cancer cells against their destruction and may be useful when attempting anti-tumor therapy with the use of chemokines. Authors: Monika Zajkowska, Barbara Mroczko
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Matrisomal Gene Panel for Head and Neck Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is common worldwide and related to several risk factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, poor dentition and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Different etiological factors may influence the tumor microenvironment and play a role in dictating response to therapeutics. Here, we sought to investigate whether an early-stage SCCHN-specific prognostic matrisome-derived gene signature could be identified for HPV-negative SCCHN patients (n = 168), by applying a bioinformatics pipeline to the publicly available SCCHN-TCGA dataset. We identified six matrisome-derived genes with high association with prognostic outcomes in SCCHN. A six-gene risk score, the SCCHN TMI (SCCHN-tumor matrisome index: composed of MASP1, EGFL6, SFRP5, SPP1, MMP8 and P4HA1) was constructed and used to stratify patients into risk groups. Using machine learning-based deconvolution methods, we found that the risk groups were characterized by a differing abundance of infiltrating immune cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
DPP-IV Inhibition in Anticancer Treatment
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, CD26) is frequently dysregulated in cancer and plays an important role in regulating multiple bioactive peptides with the potential to influence cancer progression and the recruitment of immune cells. Therefore, it represents a potential contributing factor to cancer pathogenesis and an attractive therapeutic target. Specific DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins) are currently used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to promote insulin secretion by prolonging the activity of the incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Nevertheless, the modulation of the bioavailability and function of other DPP-IV substrates, including chemokines, raises the possibility that the use of these orally administered drugs with favorable side-effect profiles might be extended beyond the treatment of hyperglycemia. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Vaginal Cancer
According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), vaginal cancer is strictly defined as cancer found in the vagina without clinical or histologic evidence of cervical or vulvar cancer, or a prior history of these cancers within 5 years. Primary vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy. Given the rarity of the disease, standardized approaches to management are limited, and a great variety of therapeutic conditions are endorsed. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics
Cancer theranostics is the combination of diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for cancer, which is essential in personalized cancer treatment. The aims of the theranostics application of nanoparticles in cancer detection and therapy are to reduce delays in treatment and hence improve patient care. Recently, it has been found that the functionalization of nanoparticles can improve the efficiency, performance, specificity and sensitivity of the structure, and increase stability in the body and acidic environment. Moreover, functionalized nanoparticles have been found to possess a remarkable theranostic ability and have revolutionized cancer treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biology of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a highly aggressive malignancy of the brain which leads to early patient lethality. Malignant GBM cells develop from glia and gradually acquire specific mutations and epigenetic changes associated with several disctinct phenotypic features such as differently expressed and localized cytoskeletal components (in particular microtubules) and deregulated cell cycle via defunct checkpoints. While the use of traditional microtubular targeting agents (eg. taxanes) in treatment of GBM is limited due to several reasons, newly repurpused compounds such as benzimidazole carbamates may offer a new perspective by inducing mitotic catastrophe in GBM. Mitotic catastrophe is nowadays viewed as a way of elimination of genomically unstable cells via diverse cellular endpoint phenotypes and its exploration in potential treatment of GBM is the subject of this entry.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
RAAS in HF and Cancer
Heart failure (HF) and cancer are the main public health issues in industrialized countries and are increasing in prevalence, especially, in the ageing population. These two diseases were thought to be independent; however, new research has revealed that cancer and HF frequently coexist in the same patient. Furthermore, as cancer-specific mortality decreases and the surviving population gets older, the overlap between cardiac disease and cancer patients is growing. As a result, the discipline of cardio-oncology has primarily focused on the adverse effects of anti-cancer therapy. HF is one of the most serious consequences of cardiotoxic cancer therapy.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Other Breast Cancer
Due to the need for quality biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) because of its aggressive nature and limited therapeutic options, it is not surprising that several studies have focused on identifying expression differences in peripheral blood cells between TNBC patients and other classical breast cancer (BC) subtypes. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Pregnancy in Post-Roe v. Wade Era
Cancer during pregnancy, affecting 1 in 1000 pregnancies, is rising in incidence due to delayed childbearing and improved detection. Common types include breast cancer, melanoma and cervical cancer and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. There are several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that make its management a challenge to clinicians. Managing it requires multidisciplinary approaches and cautious test interpretation due to overlapping symptoms. To minimize fetal radiation exposure, non-ionizing imaging is preferred, and the interpretation of tumor markers is challenging due to inflammation and pregnancy effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tumour Hypoxia-Mediated Immunosuppression
The magnitude of the host immune response can be regulated by either stimulatory or inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Receptor-ligand binding between inhibitory molecules is often exploited by tumours to suppress anti-tumour immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that block these inhibitory interactions can relieve T-cells from negative regulation, and have yielded remarkable activity in the clinic. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Urological Melanoma
Melanoma is reported as the 19th most common cancer worldwide, with estimated age-standardized incidence rates of 2.8–3.1 per 100,000. Although the origin is most frequently cutaneous, mucosal melanoma has been described several times in literature, and despite its rarity (only 1% of all melanomas), increasing attention is being paid to this disease form. Within this subgroup, melanomas of the uropoetic apparatus are a rarity among rarities. Indeed, less than 50 cases of primary melanoma originating from the urinary bladder have been described, and even less originating from the kidney, renal pelvis and urethra.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Perspective of Liquid Biopsy
The term liquid biopsy (LB) refers to the study of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumors nucleic acids free of cells or contained in exosomes, and information about platelets associated with tumors. LB can be performed in different biofluids and allows the limitations of tissue biopsy to be overcome offering possibilities of tumor identification reflecting in real time tumor heterogeneity. In addition, LB allows screening and early detection of cancer, real-time monitoring of therapy, stratification and therapeutic intervention, a therapeutic target and resistance mechanism, and a risk of metastatic relapse. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNA in Melanoma
Considered to be highly lethal if not diagnosed in early stages, cutaneous malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers, and its incidence continues to rise, largely due to ultraviolet radiation exposure, which is the main carcinogenic factor. Over the years, researchers have started to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which malignant melanoma can be triggered and sustained, in order to establish specific, reliable biomarkers that could aid the prognosis and diagnosis of this fatal disease, and serve as targets for development of novel efficient therapies. The high mutational burden and heterogeneous nature of melanoma shifted the main focus from the genetic landscape to epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications, aiming at elucidating the role of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) in the fine tuning of melanoma progression. Studies have shown that ncRNAs, among them microRNAs and lncRNAs, play a role in melanoma invasion, metastasis and acquired resistance to treatment. In addition, they could serve as prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets for promising therapeutic strategies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Nov 2020
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