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Topic Review
MRNA Therapies
Currently, mRNA appears as a very promising and innovative therapeutic approach for diseases associated with functional loss of proteins, through the administration of a synthetic mRNA, which promotes the reestablishment of protein levels and restores its function. Moreover, mRNA can create new cellular functions, for example for passive immunization, allowing to stimulate the immune system, through the translation of antigenic mRNA for specific cell recognition (e.g., cancer cells) or antibody production. The fact that a relatively small amount of encoded antigen, from a synthetic mRNA, can be sufficient to obtain robust signs of efficacy, is one of the main advantages of using this biomolecule in immunotherapy. However, the global success of such mRNA-based treatments depends on a high number of these biomolecules and an effective in vivo delivery to target cells involved in a given disease. After proving that in vivo mRNA administration is possible and viable, the concept of using mRNA as a therapeutic basis was readily accepted and used in a variety of diseases, including diabetes, HIV infection, anemia, hemophilia, myocardial infarction, cancer, asthma, metabolic disorders, fibrosis, skeletal degeneration and neurological disorders, such as Friedreich’s ataxia and Alzheimer’s disease.
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  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Multielectrode Array
Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) or microelectrode arrays are devices that contain multiple plates or shanks through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Biography
Alec (Alirza) Rasizade
Alec (Alirza) Rasizade (Azerbaijani: Əli Rasizadə) is a retired Azeri-American professor of history and political science, who specialized in Sovietology, primarily known for the typological model (or "algorithm" in his own words), which describes the impact of a drop in oil revenues on the process of decline in rentier states by stages and cycles of their general socio-economic degradation up
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Memory Augmentation
Memory augmentation is the process by which one's ability to retain information is increased. The retrieval of memory has been theorized to be untrustworthy, and it can be partially inaccurate and not totally reliable (see more: Recovered memory.) Ubiquitous Memory Systems have been invented in order to reduce these memory mistakes. A study conducted by students of the Information Science Department in Nara, Japan sought to measure different types of memory augmentation. They used a computer system, the "Ubiquitous Memories," to demonstrate if the technology aided to augmentation better than other methods such as notes with a pen and paper, portraits used in a previous trial experiment, and just plain human memory. The results were that the Ubiquitous Memories aided in retrieving memory, and decreased the likelihood of mistakes in comparison to other methods. Some researchers have even gone so far as to create mixed-reality simulations to assist individuals in improving their memories. Many of these systems implement the method of loci which involves using the spatial layout of a familiar place to help individuals remember certain things. For example, one might attempt to remember a packing list for a trip by imagining the items around their room. Memory augmentation not only refers to our ability to recall information accurately, it also refers to our ability to encode long-term information quickly. Some researchers suggest that through using augmented reality interfaces, we have the ability to memorize information and store it in our long-term memory after only being exposed to it once. Specifically, the function of these interfaces is to stimulate parts of the brain that are essential to memory such as the hippocampus, neocortex, and entorhinal cortex which would result in the acquisition of episodic memory for things we would normally use long-term semantic memory to recall.
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  • 09 Nov 2022
Biography
Cora L. V. Scott
Cora Lodencia Veronica Scott (April 21, 1840 – January 3, 1923) was one of the best-known mediums of the Spiritualism movement of the last half of the 19th century. Most of her work was done as a trance lecturer, though she also wrote some books whose composition was attributed to spirit guides rather than her own personality. Cora Scott was born on April 21, 1840 near Cuba, New York. At he
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Hélio Gelli Pereira
Hélio Gelli Pereira (September 23, 1918 – 16 August 1994) was a Brazilian-British virologist specialising in adenoviruses. Pereira was a co-recipient of the 1988 UNESCO Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology and was known for his work on the book, Viruses of Vertebrates.[1] He contributed to several areas of virology in research and international public service.[2] Pereira was born in the
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
DNA Data Storage
The demand for data storage is growing at an unprecedented rate, and current methods are not sufficient to accommodate such rapid growth due to their cost, space requirements, and energy consumption. Therefore, there is a need for a new, long-lasting data storage medium with high capacity, high data density, and high durability against extreme conditions. DNA is one of the most promising next-generation data carriers, with a storage density of 10¹⁹ bits of data per cubic centimeter, and its three-dimensional structure makes it about eight orders of magnitude denser than other storage media.
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  • 07 Jun 2023
Biography
Ellery Schempp
Ellery Schempp (born Ellory Schempp, August 5, 1940) is a physicist[1] and is known for being the primary student involved in the landmark 1963 United States Supreme Court decision of Abington School District v. Schempp[2] which declared that required public school sanctioned Bible readings were unconstitutional. Schempp was born in Philadelphia and grew up in the Roslyn community of Abington
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Horace Maynard Trent
Horace Maynard Trent (December 20, 1907 – December 16, 1964) was an United States physicist best known for being part of the team that found that the crack of a bullwhip was actually a sonic boom.[1] He is also the author of the currently accepted force-current analogy in physics known as the Trent analogy. Trent was born in Bradley County, Tennessee to his mother Lida L. Trent. His early y
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aphthous Stomatitis
Aphthous stomatitis, or recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), is a common condition characterized by the repeated formation of benign and non-contagious mouth ulcers (aphthae) in otherwise healthy individuals. The informal term canker sore is also used, mainly in North America, although it may also refer to other types of mouth ulcers. The cause is not completely understood but involves a T cell-mediated immune response triggered by a variety of factors which may include nutritional deficiencies, local trauma, stress, hormonal influences, allergies, genetic predisposition, certain foods, dehydration, or some food additives. These ulcers occur periodically and heal completely between attacks. In the majority of cases, the individual ulcers last about 7–10 days, and ulceration episodes occur 3–6 times per year. Most appear on the non-keratinizing epithelial surfaces in the mouth – i.e. anywhere except the attached gingiva, the hard palate and the dorsum of the tongue – although the more severe forms, which are less common, may also involve keratinizing epithelial surfaces. Symptoms range from a minor nuisance to interfering with eating and drinking. The severe forms may be debilitating, even causing weight loss due to malnutrition. The condition is very common, affecting about 20% of the general population to some degree. The onset is often during childhood or adolescence, and the condition usually lasts for several years before gradually disappearing. There is no cure, and treatments such as corticosteroids aim to manage pain, reduce healing time and reduce the frequency of episodes of ulceration.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Biography
David J. McComas
David John McComas (born May 22, 1958) is an American space plasma physicist, Vice President for Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University. He had been Assistant Vice President for Space Science and Engineering at the Southwest Research Institute, full Adjoint Professor[1] of Physics at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), and
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Alfred Hübler
Alfred Wilhelm Hübler (May 16, 1957 – January 27, 2018) was a German-born research physicist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory as well as a tenured faculty member in the University of Illinois Department of Physics. He was the director of the Center for Complex Systems Research (CCSR) and an external faculty member of the Sa
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Burkard Hillebrands
Dr. Burkard Hillebrands (born 1957) is a German physicist and professor of physics. He is the leader of the magnetism research group in the Department of Physics [1] at the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. Burkard Hillebrands was born in 1957. He studied physics at the University of Cologne (1977–1982) and was awarded his PhD in 1986 at the University of Cologne under the supervision
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  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Sequenced Algae Genomes
This list of sequenced algae genomes contains algae species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences. For plant genomes see the list of sequenced plant genomes. For plastid sequences, see the list of sequenced plastomes. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Biography
Wallace O. Fenn
Wallace Osgood Fenn[1] (April 27, 1893 – September 20, 1971) was a prominent physiologist, chairman of the department of physiology at the University of Rochester from 1925 to 1959. He also headed the University's Space and Science center from 1964 to 1966. He was also the president of the American Physiological Society, the president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, and the p
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Elwha Ecosystem Restoration
The Elwha Ecosystem Restoration Project is a 21st-century project of the U.S. National Park Service to remove two dams on the Elwha River on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, and restore the river to a natural state. It is the largest dam removal project in history and the second largest ecosystem restoration project in the history of the National Park Service, after the Restoration of the Everglades. The controversial project, costing about $351.4 million, has been contested and periodically blocked for decades. It has been supported by a major collaboration among the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, and federal and state agencies. The removal of the first of the two dams, the Elwha Dam, began in September 2011 and was completed ahead of schedule in March 2012. Removal of the second dam, the Glines Canyon Dam, was completed on August 26, 2014.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Biography
John Harris
John W. Harris (born March 14, 1950) is an American experimental high energy nuclear physicist and Professor of Physics at Yale University. He was the founding spokesperson for the STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. After obtaining a Bachelor of Science, with Distinction, from the University of Washington, John Harris started his career at the Stony Brook University (t
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Hal Anger
Hal Oscar Anger (May 20, 1920 – October 31, 2005)[1] was an United States electrical engineer and biophysicist at Donner Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, known for his invention of the gamma camera.[2] In all, Anger held 15 patents, many of them for work at the Ernest O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Anger received several awards in recognition of his inventions and their cont
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Abnormal Microenvironment Responsive MRI Nanoprobe
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose diseases due to its high spatial, temporal and soft tissue resolution. Environment-responsive or smart MRI nanoprobes can specifically target cells based on differences in the cellular environment and improve the contrast between diseased tissues and normal tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 May 2021
Biography
John Moffat
John W. Moffat (born 24 May 1932)[1] is a Danish-born British-Canadian physicist. He is currently Professor Emeritus in physics at the University of Toronto[2] and is also an adjunct Professor in physics at the University of Waterloo and a resident affiliate member of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Moffat is best known for his work on gravity and cosmology, culminating in his
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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