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Topic Review
EDCs function in tumor microenvironment
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) can display estrogenic and androgenic effects, and their exposure has been linked to increased cancer risk. EDCs have been shown to directly affect cancer cell regulation and progression, but their influence on tumour microenvironment is still not completely elucidated. In this context, the signalling hub protein RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) could represent a nexus between cancer and the immune system due to its roles in cancer progression and innate immune activation. Since RACK1 is a relevant EDCs target that responds to steroid-active compounds, it could be considered a molecular bridge between the endocrine-regulated tumour microenvironment and the innate immune system.
  • 630
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Targeting Engineered Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women globally after lung cancer. Presently, the most important approach for BC treatment consists of surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therapeutic drugs or natural bioactive compounds generally incorporate engineered NPs of ideal sizes and shapes to enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution, while reducing their side effects and immunogenicity. Furthermore, ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids on the surface of NPs precisely target BC cells. Engineered NPs and their ideal methodology can be validated in the next-generation platform for preventive and therapeutic effects against BC.
  • 629
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Lung/Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent and key components of the TME in most types of solid tumors. Extensive research over the past decade revealed their ability to modulate cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor mechanics, immunosuppression, and drug access through synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and production of growth factors. Thus, they are considered to impede the response to current clinical cancer therapies. Therefore, targeting CAFs to counteract these protumorigenic effects, and overcome the resistance to current therapeutic options, is an appealing and emerging strategy.
  • 628
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cholesterol Metabolism in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is a highly lethal adult brain tumor with no effective treatments. 
  • 628
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Imaging Labels for Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
For targeted nanoDDS, imaging serves as a “pilot” evaluation of where a targeted Nanoparticles (NPs) localizes, shedding light on “on-target efficiency”. The image-guided treatment regime can also facilitate identifying patients who lack the common target and will not respond to treatment, which is critical for treatment planning. Designing nanotheranostic particles with high efficiency and translational potential demands careful choice of the composition of NPs, imaging labels to be added to the NPs, in addition to their target of choice and cargo to be delivered.
  • 628
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Small Extracellular Vesicles
Small Extracellular Vesicles are lipid bilayer structures ranging in size from 15 to 10,000 nm, are released from almost all cells (normal and cancerous) present in body fluids, and they are considered as delivery vehicles responsible for local and distant cellular communication.
  • 627
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Immuno-PET
“Immuno-PET” merges the high target selectivity and specificity of antibodies and engineered fragments toward a given tumor cell surface marker with the high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques. In this review, we detail and provide examples of the clinical limitations of current imaging techniques for diagnosing PDAC. 
  • 627
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Lateralized and Segmental Overgrowth in Children
Lateralized overgrowth (LO), or segmental overgrowth, is defined as an increase in tissue growth of various origins (skeletal, muscular, fibrous, vascular, adipose, or any association of these) in any region of the body.
  • 627
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most aggressive brain tumor. Even with the most current treatment, its prognosis remains dismal. Immunotherapies, novel cancer therapies using the patient’s own immune system to fight cancer, have revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types and generate great hope for glioblastoma. In this review, we analyze the challenges immunotherapy is facing in glioblastoma, present the different immunotherapy approaches with corresponding key clinical trial findings, and finally discuss limitations and how they might be overcome. Proof of efficacy for immunotherapies remains to be demonstrated in glioblastoma, but novel combinatorial approaches remain promising.
  • 626
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chemotherapy Resistance of Ovarian Cancer
Chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer, regarded as the most lethal malignant gynecological disease, can be explained by several mechanisms, including increased activity of efflux transporters leading to decreased intracellular drug accumulation, increased efflux of the therapeutic agents from the cell by multidrug-resistance-associated protein (MRP1), enhanced DNA repair, altered apoptotic pathways, silencing of a number of genes, as well as drug inactivation.
  • 626
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
LRS for Surgical Breast Cancer
Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) is a highly specific biomolecular technique which has been shown to have the ability to distinguish malignant and normal breast tissue. This paper discusses significant advancements in the use of LRS in surgical breast cancer diagnosis, with an emphasis on statistical and machine learning strategies employed for precise, transparent and real-time analysis of Raman spectra. When combined with a variety of “machine learning” techniques LRS has been increasingly employed in oncogenic diagnostics. This paper proposes that the majority of these algorithms fail to provide the two most critical pieces of information required by the practicing surgeon: a probability that the classification of a tissue is correct, and, more importantly, the expected error in that probability. Stochastic backpropagation artificial neural networks inherently provide both pieces of information for each and every tissue site examined by LRS. If the networks are trained using both human experts and an unsupervised classification algorithm as gold standards, rapid progress can be made understanding what additional contextual data is needed to improve network classification performance. Our patients expect us to not simply have an opinion about their tumor, but to know how certain we are that we are correct. Stochastic networks can provide that information.
  • 625
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells which is rising in incidence in the developed world. Plasma cells are mature antibody-producing B cells which reside in the bone marrow and are essential for maintaining humoral immunity. Multiple myeloma is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells resulting in the production of monoclonal antibody and end-organ damage.
  • 625
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hyperglycemia and endometrial cancer risk
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and its incidence is increasing. Epidemiological evidence shows a strong association between endometrial cancer and obesity, and multiple mechanisms linking obesity and cancer progression have been described. However, it remains unclear which factors are the main drivers of endometrial cancer development. Hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common co-morbidities of obesity, and there is evidence that hyperglycemia is a risk factor for endometrial cancer independent of obesity. This review will discuss studies that have investigated the links between hyperglycemia and endometrial cancer risk.
  • 624
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Radiation, Immunotherapy in UGI cancer
Radiotherapy remains one of the contemporary cornerstones of cancer treatment in the neoadju-vant, curative, adjuvant and palliative settings, either in isolation or as a multimodal approach. Moreover, recent advances in targeted immune checkpoint therapy have firmly established im-munotherapy as the fourth pillar in cancer therapy alongside surgery, chemotherapy and notably radiotherapy. There is emerging evidence to suggest both radioresistance and reduced efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) are potentiated by the tumour microenvironment (TME) and in fact modulating aspects of this immunosuppressive milieu is instrumental to unlocking an-ti-tumour immunity.
  • 624
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles Green Chemistry Synthesis
Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly and become an integral part of modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a class of eco-friendly, cost-effective and biocompatible agents that have attracted attention for their possible biomedical and bioengineering applications. Like many other inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, iron oxide and quantum dots, AgNPs have also been widely studied as components of advanced anticancer agents in order to better manage cancer in the clinic. AgNPs are typically produced by the action of reducing reagents on silver ions. In addition to numerous laboratory-based methods for reduction of silver ions, living organisms and natural products can be effective and superior source for synthesis of AgNPs precursors. Currently, plants, bacteria and fungi can afford biogenic AgNPs precursors with diverse geometries and surface properties.
  • 624
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mucinous Cancer of the Ovary
Mucinous ovarian cancer (MOC) is a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Whereas all EOC subtypes are addressed in the same way, MOC is a distinct entity. Appreciating the pathological features and genomic profile of MOC may result in the improvement in management and, hence, the prognosis. Distinguishing primary MOC from metastatic mucinous carcinoma can be challenging but is essential. Early-stage MOC carries an excellent prognosis, with advanced disease having a poor outcome. Surgical management plays an essential role in the early stage and in metastatic disease. Chemotherapy is usually administered for stage II MOC and beyond. The standard gynecology protocol is frequently used, but gastrointestinal regimens have also been administered. As MOC is associated with multiple molecular alterations, targeted therapy could be the answer to treat this disease.
  • 624
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circadian Clock and Liver Cancer
Circadian clocks control several homeostatic processes in mammals through internal molecular mechanisms. Chronic perturbation of circadian rhythms is associated with metabolic diseases and increased cancer risk, including liver cancer. The hepatic physiology follows a daily rhythm, driven by clock genes that control the expression of several proteins involved in distinct metabolic pathways. Alteration of the liver clock results in metabolic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and impaired glucose metabolism, that can trigger the activation of oncogenic pathways, inducing spontaneous hepatocarcinoma (HCC). The study of oncogenic changes related to alterations of liver clock provides new potentially useful targets for prevention and management of HCC.
  • 624
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Replication Stress Response Pathways to Treat Cancer
Proliferating cells regularly experience replication stress caused by spontaneous DNA damage that results from endogenous reactive oxygen species, DNA sequences that can assume secondary and tertiary structures, collisions between opposing transcription and replication machineries, and exogenous genotoxic agents. Replication stress often leads to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that can cause genome instability and cell death. The importance of replication stress responses in cells exposed to genotoxic chemo- or radiotherapy has prompted considerable research focused on how tumor cells might be selectively killed by combined treatments with genotoxins and agents targeting DNA damage response (DDR) factors involved in the replication stress response.
  • 624
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tetraspanin CD81
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop (EC2) for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. 
  • 624
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Combination Therapy of Prostate/Breast Cancer
Combinations of radionuclide therapy (RT) and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) with other therapies with distinct mechanisms of action represent a promising strategy. As for prostate cancer and breast cancer, the two most prevalent cancer types worldwide, several combination-based therapies have been evaluated. 
  • 623
  • 31 May 2021
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