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Topic Review
The Role of Pulmonary Surfactant Phospholipids in Interstitial Lung Diseases
Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) or Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of lung conditions with common characteristics that can progress to fibrosis. Within this group of pneumonias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is considered the most common. This disease has no known cause, is devastating and has no cure.
  • 2.3K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics
Microwave treatment, owning specific interactions between the electric field and the molecules of treated materials, presents potential advantages in the application of plastic pyrolysis. High value-added liquid oil, gas and solid carbon can be obtained from microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of plastics. Factors that affect the distribution of pyrolysis products of plastics include the properties of plastics, microwave treatment parameters, microwave absorber, co-pyrolysis, catalysts and reactor design. MAP of plastics has broad application prospects, and large-scale pyrolysis processing devices need to be developed. At the same time, the research platform of MAP simulation of plastics still needs to be developed.
  • 2.3K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Asian Black Bear
The Asian Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a formidable and iconic species native to various habitats across Asia, from dense forests to mountainous regions. Recognizable by its sleek black fur and distinctive white V-shaped chest marking, this bear species is renowned for its omnivorous diet and remarkable climbing abilities. Despite facing threats such as habitat loss and poaching, conservation efforts aim to protect the Asian Black Bear and its critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of Asian ecosystems.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Communication Architectures
Communication architecture plays an important role in the intelligent control and autonomous collaboration of UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) swarms. And we know that UAV swarm communication architecture technology has already made great progress. When faced with different mission scenarios, there are different communication architectures to choose from. Centralized communication architecture is suitable for scenarios where the UAV swarm is small, and the task is relatively simple. Each individual UAV requires a long-range communication link with the infrastructure. The decentralized communication architecture expands communication coverage through a multi-hop network. The dedicated gateway UAV is responsible for U-T-I (UAV to Infrastructure) communication. The “single-group swarm Ad hoc network” architecture is appropriate for a swarm of the same type UAVs, while “multi-group swarm Ad hoc network” and “multi-layer swarm Ad hoc network” architectures can be deployed using different types of UAVs. In a “multi-group swarm Ad hoc network”, communication between two different groups can also suffer from delays. In addition, in terms of robustness, "multi-layer swarm Ad hoc network" architecture is a relatively reliable system because it overcomes SPOF (Single Point of Failure).
  • 2.3K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Structure and Fabrication of MXene-Based Heterostructures
MXene, as an emerging family of 2D nanomaterials, exhibits excellent electrochemical, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. MXene-based heterostructures have already been demonstrated in applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, and photocatalysts. Nowadays, increasing research attention is attracted onto MXene-based heterostructures, while there is less effort spent to summarize the current research status.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Self-Help
Self-help or self-improvement is a self-guided improvement. Self-help often utilizes publicly available information or support groups, on the Internet as well as in person, where people in similar situations join together. From early examples in self-driven legal practice and home-spun advice, the connotations of the word have spread and often apply particularly to education, business, psychology and psychotherapy, commonly distributed through the popular genre of self-help books. According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology, potential benefits of self-help groups that professionals may not be able to provide include friendship, emotional support, experiential knowledge, identity, meaningful roles, and a sense of belonging. Groups associated with health conditions may consist of patients and caregivers. As well as featuring long-time members sharing experiences, these health groups can become support groups and clearing-houses for educational material. Those who help themselves by learning and identifying about health problems can be said to exemplify self-help, while self-help groups can be seen more as peer-to-peer support.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rosetta Stone
Rosetta Stone Language Learning is proprietary, computer-assisted language learning (CALL) software published by Rosetta Stone Inc, part of the IXL Learning family of products. The software uses images, text, and sound to teach words and grammar by spaced repetition, without translation. Rosetta Stone calls its approach Dynamic Immersion. The software's name and logo allude to the ancient stone slab of the same name on which the Decree of Memphis is inscribed in three writing systems. IXL Learning acquired Rosetta Stone in March 2021.
  • 2.3K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hard Skills and Soft Skills
The distinction between hard and soft skills has long been a topic of debate in the field of psychology, with hard skills referring to technical or practical abilities, and soft skills relating to interpersonal capabilities.
  • 2.3K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion
Laser-based powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), formerly SLM, is one of the seven Additive Manufacturing basic process categories in the new standards. 
  • 2.3K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
Thermal energy systems (TES) contribute to the on-going process that leads to higher integration among different energy systems, with the aim of reaching a cleaner, more flexible and sustainable use of the energy resources. Energy storage is also a key component of decarbonisation scenarios, such as the ones indicated in the European Roadmap to 2050, whose main targets include high energy efficiency, diversification of the production resources, and increase in the percentage of renewable energy sources (RES). TES-based solutions in systems connected to the electrical grid facilitate the energy system integration to get additional flexibility for energy management, enable better use of variable renewable energy sources (RES), and contribute to the modernisation of the energy system infrastructures.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Studied Space Shuttle Variations and Derivatives
During the lifetime of NASA's Space Shuttle, Rockwell International and many other organizations studied different Space Shuttle variations and derivatives. These studies included different ways to increase shuttle payload capability, crew capacity, and developing standalone reusable launch vehicles. A large focus of the program was towards new shuttle boosters and an upgrades to the external tank but also looked to expand NASA's ability to launch deep space missions and build large modular space stations. Many of these concepts and studies would shape the concepts and programs of the 2000s such as Constellation, Orbital Space Plane Program, and Artemis program.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Empirical Theory of Perception
An empirical theory of perception is a type of explanation for how percepts form. These theories hold that sensory systems incorporate information about the statistical properties of the natural world into their design and relate incoming stimuli to this information, rather than analyzing sensory stimulation into its components or features.
  • 2.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Root Canal Filling Material
Endodontic treatment for a tooth with damaged dental pulp aims to both prevent and cure apical periodontitis. If the tooth is re-infected as a result of a poorly obturated root canal, periapical periodontitis may set-in due to invading bacteria.To both avoid any re-infection and improve the success rate of endodontic retreatment, a treated root canal should be three-dimensionally obturated with a biocompatible filling material. Recently, bioactive glass, one of bioceramics, is focused on the research area of biocompatible biomaterials for endodontics. Root canal sealers derived from bioactive glass-based have been developed and applied in clinical endodontic treatments. However, at present, there are few of evidence aboutthe patient outcomes, sealing mechanism, sealing ability, and removability of the sealers. Herein, we have developed a bioactive glass-based root canal sealer and provided evidence concerning its physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, sealing ability, and removability. We also review the classification of bioceramics and characteristics of bioactive glass. Additionally, we describe the application of bioactive glass to facilitate the development of a new root canal sealer. Furthermore, this review shows the potential application of bioactive glass-based cement as a root canal filling material in the absence of semisolid core material.
  • 2.3K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Ionic and Excited Species
Experimental and theoretical studies of either characterization and reactivity of ionic and excited species with atoms, molecules, and radicals of interest in the chemistry of plasmas and energy production. Single and ionized species with single or multiple charge (H+, He+, H3+, HCO+, H3O+, He22+, CO22+, etc.), excited atoms and molecules (e.g. O(1D), N(2D), H*(2s2S1/2), He*(21,3S0,1), N2*(A3Σu+), etc.) play a crucial role in various important chemical systems such as flames (i.e. chemi-ionizations), natural plasmas (i.e. planetary ionospheres, comet tails and interstellar clouds), and biological environments (e.g. damaged biological tissues via the interaction between ionizing radiation and living cells). Such processes are very interesting from a fundamental point of view in Physical Chemistry and attracted the attention of a wide scientific community, since many applications to important fields: radiation chemistry, plasma physics and chemistry, combustion processes, development of laser sources. In particular, the conversion of waste carbon dioxide via assisted plasma technology gained recently increasing interest due to the possibility of obtaining value-added products, like gaseous or liquid fuels. Such characteristics make this an encouraging strategy for the storage of electrical energy from renewable sources into chemical energy in a circular economy scheme.
  • 2.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tomato Processing By-Product Valorization
The tomato processing industry can be considered one of the most widespread food manufacturing industries all over the world, annually generating considerable quantities of residue and determining disposal issues associated not only with the wasting of invaluable resources but also with the rise of significant environmental burdens.
  • 2.3K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Whey Protein on Bakery Products
In addition to being an important source of nutrients, pasta and bakery products are consumed globally and so there is a growing need to study them in addition to other ingredients such as whey proteins. These dairy proteins are intended to improve the quality of these foods, as they have important nutritional, technological, and sensory properties that can be exploited. The importance of new formulations in the quality features of pasta and bakery products and gaining an understanding of how the ingredients can interfere with these foods are described. A summary of the latest progress in the application of whey protein in bakery products, as well as their types and quantities from a physicochemical and sensory point of view, is presented.
  • 2.3K
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response
Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR), sometimes auto sensory meridian response, is a tingling sensation that typically begins on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. A pleasant form of paresthesia, it has been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia and may overlap with frisson. ASMR signifies the subjective experience of "low-grade euphoria" characterized by "a combination of positive feelings and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin". It is most commonly triggered by specific auditory or visual stimuli, and less commonly by intentional attention control. A genre of videos which intend to stimulate ASMR has emerged, of which over 13 million are published on YouTube.
  • 2.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extreme Learning Machine
In the learning paradigms of artificial neural networks, classical algorithms such as back-propagation aim to approach the theories of biological learning through an iterative adjustment of all the hyper-parameters of the hidden layers for each sequence of data. Therefore, without looking at relearning, in actual problems, the tuning process could take days or months under the use of the available ordinary computers for generalization of the neural network over all of the selected samples. But, the fact that a microprocessor is faster than a brain by about twelve million times, denies that these algorithms are capable of responding to the thought of the human brain which takes less seconds to classify or restore new images or sensations. In 2004, ELM gave birth to new learning rules for artificial neural networks. ELM learning rules remove barriers between human biological thought and artificial neural networks by addressing the fact that: "the parameters of the hidden layer do not need to be adjusted, and the only element responsible for the "universal approximation and generalization are the output weights ". Consequently, ELM has been studied through several applications and extends to a multitude of paradigms such as the ensemble, the hybrid and the deep learning and achieved an excellent reputation. Therefore, The aim of this review will be introducing basic theories of ELM.
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rangelands Livestock Production Systems
Rangelands as referred to herein can be defined as uncultivated lands that provide multiple ecosystem services for society, sustain habitat for grazing and browsing animals, and support the livelihoods of pastoralists and ranchers [1][2]. Under this definition rangelands comprise up to 70% of the world’s land area and include natural grasslands, deserts, temperate forests, and tropical forests [1]. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) released into the lower atmosphere mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and other anthropogenic activities have caused the earth’s temperature to rise by 1 °C since the 1860s [3][4]. If GHG emissions continue to rise, an increase in global temperature up to 3 to 5 °C is projected by the end of this century [4]. Extreme weather events are already increasing in frequency and severity in the US and globally [3][4][5]. Global concern is growing over the possibility that eventual irreversible, catastrophic climate change will result in massive loss of human livelihoods and mortality through adverse impacts on food production systems over both croplands and rangelands [3][4][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].
  • 2.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Flexible Wearable Sensor
Sensors are the core of wearable monitoring equipment. In wearable devices (such as wrist strap or chest strap), the sensor will inevitably contact with the skin.
  • 2.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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