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Topic Review
Melatonin and Oral Cancer
The wide variety of epigenetic controls available is rapidly expanding the knowledge of molecular biology even overflowing it. At the same time, it can illuminate unsuspected ways of understanding the etiology of cancer. New emerging therapeutic horizons, then, promise to overcome the current antitumor strategies need. The translational utility of this complexity is particularly welcome in oral cancer (OC), in which natural history is alarmingly disappointing due to the invasive and mutilating surgery, the high relapsing rate, the poor quality of life and the reduced survival after diagnosis. Melatonin activates protective receptor-dependent and receptor-independent processes that prevent tissue cancerisation and inhibit progressive tumor malignancy and metastasis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Organ-Preserving Radiation Therapy in Gastric Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Gastric marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) of the stomach is a rare cancer type, often primarily treated with oral proton pump inhibitors, especially in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-positive cases. However, the prevalence of Hp-unrelated gastric MZL has increased over the last two decades and 70-80% of Hp-negative gastric MZL are antibiotic-unresponsive. Radiation treatment can provide excellent local control in localized antibiotic-refractory gastric MZL.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oncolytic Reovirus
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a “one size fits all” approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Cancer
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, which regulates many biological processes related to metabolism, cancer, immune function, and aging. It is an essential protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family and has two known signaling complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Even though mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting mitochondria-related protein synthesis, suppressing the catabolic process of autophagy, contributing to lipid metabolism, engaging in ribosome formation, and acting as a critical regulator of mRNA translation, it remains one of the significant signaling systems involved in the tumor process, particularly in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the mTOR signaling system could be suggested as a cancer biomarker, and its targeting is important in anti-tumor therapy research. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Potential of Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde has anti-cancer effects through a number of different mechanisms that are interconnected with one another. These effects reduce some of the most severe symptoms of abnormally rapid cell growth. Some of the mechanistic approaches include the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, interruption in angiogenesis, free radical scavenging, inhibition of inflammation, and interference with cellular invasion and metastasis. According to the types, doses and duration of treatment of cancer, the mechanisms involved could change.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Lymphoblastic Leukemias and Lymphomas
The diagnosis and treatment of lymphoid neoplasms have undergone a progressively positive change in the past, with accelerated progress in the previous decade due to the advent of genomics in cancer diagnosis. Significantly, there has been an increasing emphasis on integrating molecular genetics with clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic evaluation for diagnosis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carcinoid Crisis Management
Carcinoid Crisis represents a rare and extremely dangerous manifestation that can occur in patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs). It is characterized by a sudden onset of hemodynamic instability, sometimes associated with the classical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, such as bronchospasm and flushing. Carcinoid Crisis seems to be caused by a massive release of vasoactive substances, typically produced by neuroendocrine cells, and can emerge after abdominal procedures, but also spontaneously in rare instances. To date, there are no empirically derived guidelines for the management of this cancer-related medical emergency, and the available evidence essentially comes from single-case reports or dated small retrospective series. A transfer to the Intensive Care Unit may be necessary during the acute setting, when the severe hypotension becomes unresponsive to standard practices, such as volemic filling and the infusion of vasopressor therapy. The only effective strategy is represented by prevention. The administration of octreotide, anxiolytic and antihistaminic agents represents the current treatment approach to avoid hormone release and prevent major complications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Chemotherapy Resistance of Ovarian Cancer
Chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer, regarded as the most lethal malignant gynecological disease, can be explained by several mechanisms, including increased activity of efflux transporters leading to decreased intracellular drug accumulation, increased efflux of the therapeutic agents from the cell by multidrug-resistance-associated protein (MRP1), enhanced DNA repair, altered apoptotic pathways, silencing of a number of genes, as well as drug inactivation.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gamma-Interferon in Cancer Hyperprogression
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve the survival of patients with multiple types of cancer. However, low response rates and atypical responses limit their success in clinical applications. The paradoxical acceleration of tumor growth after treatment, defined as hyperprogressive disease (HPD), is the most difficult problem facing clinicians and patients alike. The mechanisms that underlie hyperprogression (HP) are still unclear and controversial, although a large number of studies have investigated the phenomenon and several associated factors have been reported. Gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine in antitumor response and its levels increase during ICI therapy. Even though this factor has been widely associated with resistance to ICI therapy, it has not yet been demonstrated to be directly associated with HP. Nevertheless, data suggest that IFN-γ may contribute to HP onset through different mechanisms, including the activation of the inflammasome pathway, the expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme IDO1 and the triggering of activation-induced cell death (AICD) in effector T cells. These findings make IFN-γ worthy of attention in the context of HPD development.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Web Axillary Pain Syndrome: Novel Rehabilitative Suggestions
Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is defined as a visible and palpable network of cords in the skin of the axillary cavity that are tensed by shoulder abduction following surgery for breast cancer, causing significant functional limits of the ipsilateral upper limb (UL) and pain. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss rehabilitation approaches for greater efficacy with respect to pain and novel suggestions. AWS is a frequent complication of axillary lymphadenectomy that necessitates a thorough follow-up in the medium to long term. Physiotherapy is effective in the treatment of functional limb deficits, the management of pain, and the treatment of upper limb disability. The best management approach involves the use of soft tissue techniques to slow the natural course of the syndrome, in association with therapeutic exercises for functional recovery and muscle strengthening. AWS is linked secondary lymphedema, requiring integration with manual lymphatic drainage. The physiotherapy management of AWS is currently fragmented, and insufficient information is available on the nature of the disease. Thus, randomized and controlled studies that compare rehabilitation approaches in AWS are desirable, including the possibility of using mesotherapy in the treatment of axillary and upper limb pain
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Pathway: A Tailored Target
Cancer represents one of the greatest public health challenges. One of the most cancer-driving events embodies the dysregulation of both the canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The impact of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been widely reviewed in colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers.  Genetic and epigenetic alterations are commonly detected in colorectal cancers (CRCs). As a matter of fact, 70% of CRCs are connoted by the APC mutations and almost all patients display an overactive Wnt/β-catenin pathway also mediated by oncogenic miRNAs. Therefore, miRNAs have been proposed as anti-cancer and/or diagnostic/prognostic tools. Among cancers, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most expensive health care costs with a high rate of diagnosis and deaths per year. The Wnt/β-catenin cascade and in particular the β-catenin content has been correlated with a dismal prognosis, high tumour grade, and metastasis formation. In addition in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) both the canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways have been reported as drivers of cancer dissemination, aggressiveness, early age of onset, and poor outcome. To add further complexity, the Wnt5a ligand was found to display both anti-tumour and tumour promoting properties depending on the tumour microenvironment (TME), the activation of specific signalling pathways, and the receptor availability in BC.  Likewise, an abnormal Wnt/β-catenin cascade has been shown to strongly contribute to ovarian cancer (OC) growth, stemness, and drug resistance.  In the last decades, particular attention has been dedicated to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released in the TME in cancer growth and progression. EVs are heterogeneous small membrane-bound carriers with a complex cargo contributing to cell-to-cell communication, tumour growth, invasion, and chemoresistance. Since EVs can be detected in the majority of biological fluids and in the TME, EVs have been proposed as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools, as well as useful therapeutic options. Indeed, EVs engineered with specific anti-tumour molecules or loaded with conventional anti-tumour drugs have been proposed as novel anti-cancer options. Based on these notions, in the last decades, Wnt/β catenin targeting approaches have been explored to hinder tumour expansion. However so far, the most relevant limitation relies on the crucial role played by the Wnt/β catenin cascade in tissue homeostasis. Therefore, to develop targeting approaches the identification of the specific EV cargo driving tumour progression and the mechanisms accounting for the unbalanced Wnt/β catenin pathway in cancer should be considered as the most challenging issues.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Design Strategy for Breast Cancer Vaccine
Breast cancer has been recorded as the type of cancer that causes the highest mortality in women due to its high incidence. Given the devastating implications of the disease and the growing number of cases, many scientists and research organizations have dedicated their efforts to the fight against breast cancer. Vaccines are an upcoming medical intervention for breast cancer. By targeting the tumor antigen, cancer vaccines can be designed to train the immune system to recognize tumor cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
This entry analyzed the different roles of nanomaterials, such as contrast agent and dose enhancer, in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. Moreover, the review discussed the underlying mechanisms of nanomaterials including physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Some new applications of nanomaterials as theranostic agents are explored. Through a thorough understanding of the recent advances in nanomaterial application in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy, we identified new directions for the optimization and clinical transformation of nanomaterials.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Perhexiline
Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal drug known to act by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), mitochondrial enzymes critical for fatty acid metabolism.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Hemoptysis in Cancer Patients
Hemoptysis in cancer patients is a potentially serious symptom that requires detailed evaluation by oncologists and emergency department physicians. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to address both the immediate concern of bleeding and the broader implications for the patient's cancer care. As hemoptysis in cancer patients indicates the presence of complications or progression of the disease, investigating the underlying cause using appropriate diagnostic procedures such as imaging studies (CT scans, bronchoscopy) and laboratory tests is vital, as it can significantly impact treatment choices and potentially alter the patient's overall prognosis. Risk stratification for cancer patients presenting with hemoptysis will support a personalized treatment approach that ensures that each patient receives tailored and effective care and identifies patients who are at a higher risk of deterioration, warranting more aggressive diagnostic and treatment plans and close, continuous monitoring for these patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancer. Clinical guidelines for the management of HCC endorse algorithms deriving from clinical variables whose performances to prognosticate HCC is limited. Liquid biopsy is the molecular analysis of tumor by-products released into the bloodstream. It offers minimally-invasive access to circulating analytes like DNA, RNA, exosomes and cells. This technology demonstrated promising results for various applications in cancers, including prognostication. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The HIF-1α and Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors in the clinic that is resistant to chemotherapy. Gastric tumors are rich in hypoxic niches, and high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is associated with poor prognosis. Hypoxia is the principal architect of the topographic heterogeneity in tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) reinforces all hallmarks of cancer and donates cancer cells with more aggressive characteristics at hypoxic niches. HIF-1α potently induces sustained growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and replicative immortality. Hypoxia leads to the selection of cancer cells that evade growth suppressors or apoptotic triggers and deregulates cellular energetics. HIF-1α is also associated with genetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and escape from immunity. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Modeling of Tumor Vasculature/Angiogenesis
The recruitment of new vasculature via angiogenesis is a critical component of tumor development, which fundamentally influences tumor growth and response to treatment. The characterization of tumor-induced angiogenesis via mathematical models could enable approaches to forecast tumor response and improve patient care.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a class of bone-marrow-derived cells present in blood, epithelial, interstitial and lymphoid tissues, originated from lympho-myeloid hematopoiesis through a series of differentiation processes. Throughout the last decades, DC-based anti-tumor vaccines have proven to be a safe therapeutic approach, although with inconsistent clinical results. The functional limitations of ex vivo monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) commonly used in these therapies are one of the pointed explanations for their lack of robustness. Among characterized human DC subpopulations, conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1) have emerged as a highly desirable tool for empowering anti-tumor immunity. This DC subset excels in its capacity to prime antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and to activate natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are critical factors for an effective anti-tumor immune response.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lipids in Immunity to Cancer
While immunotherapies for diverse types of cancer are effective in many cases, relapse is still a lingering problem. Like tumor cells, activated immune cells have an anabolic metabolic profile, relying on glycolysis and the increased uptake and synthesis of fatty acids. In contrast, immature antigen-presenting cells, as well as anergic and exhausted T-cells have a catabolic metabolic profile that uses oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for cellular processes. One goal for enhancing current immunotherapies is to identify metabolic pathways supporting the immune response to tumor antigens. A robust cell expansion and an active modulation via immune checkpoints and cytokine release are required for effective immunity. Lipids, as one of the main components of the cell membrane, are the key regulators of cell signaling and proliferation. Therefore, lipid metabolism reprogramming may impact proliferation and generate dysfunctional immune cells promoting tumor growth. Based on lipid-driven signatures, the discrimination between responsiveness and tolerance to tumor cells will support the development of accurate biomarkers and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. These findings may improve existing immunotherapies and ultimately prevent immune escape in patients for whom existing treatments have failed
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2020
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