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Topic Review
Cell-Based Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GB), an aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system, represents about 60% of all adult primary brain tumors. It is notorious for its extremely low (~5%) 5-year survival rate which signals the unsatisfactory results of the standard protocol for GB therapy. This issue has become, over time, the impetus for bringing novel therapeutics to the surface and challenging them so they can be improved. The cell-based approach in treating GB found its way to clinical trials thanks to a marvelous number of preclinical studies that probed various types of cells aiming to combat GB and increase the survival rate. 
  • 734
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inflammasome Components in Kidney Disease
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes with an important role in the innate immune response. Canonical activation of inflammasomes results in caspase-1 activation and maturation of cytokines interleukin-1β and -18. These cytokines can elicit their effects through receptor activation, both locally within a certain tissue and systemically. Animal models of kidney diseases have shown inflammasome involvement in inflammation, pyroptosis and fibrosis. In particular, the inflammasome component nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and related canonical mechanisms have been investigated. However, it has become increasingly clear that other inflammasome components are also of importance in kidney disease. Moreover, it is becoming obvious that the range of molecular interaction partners of inflammasome components in kidney diseases is wide. Clinical research on inflammasome components points at the importance of patient comorbidities, kidney disease stage, and treatments as important drivers of inflammasome component alterations.
  • 734
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Portable Oxygen Kit Market Size, Share 2024-2032
The global portable oxygen kit market has been experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for respiratory care solutions, particularly driven by the rise in chronic respiratory diseases.
  • 734
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Antenatal Depression
Antenatal depression, also known as prenatal or perinatal depression, is a form of clinical depression that can affect a woman during pregnancy, and can be a precursor to postpartum depression if not properly treated. It is estimated that 7% to 20% of pregnant women are affected by this condition. Any form of prenatal stress felt by the mother can have negative effects on various aspects of fetal development, which can cause harm to the mother and child. Even after birth, a child born from a depressed or stressed mother feels the affects. The child is less active and can also suffer from emotional distress. Antenatal depression can be caused by the stress and worry that pregnancy can bring, but at a more severe level. Other triggers include unplanned pregnancy, difficulty becoming pregnant, history of abuse, and economic or family situations. Commonly, symptoms involve how the patient views herself, how she feels about going through such a life changing event, the restrictions on the mother's lifestyle that motherhood will place, or how the partner or family feel about the baby. Pregnancy places significant strain on a woman's body, so stress, mood swings, sadness, irritability, pain, and memory changes are to be expected. Left untreated, antenatal depression can be extremely dangerous for the health of the mother and the baby. It is highly recommended that mothers who feel they are experiencing antenatal depression have a discussion about it with their health care provider. Mothers with a history of mental health issues should also talk to their doctor about it early in the pregnancy to help with possible depressive symptoms.
  • 733
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vertebrate and Genome Annotation Project
The Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database is a biological database dedicated to assisting researchers in locating specific areas of the genome and annotating genes or regions of vertebrate genomes. The VEGA browser is based on Ensembl web code and infrastructure and provides a public curation of known vertebrate genes for the scientific community. The VEGA website is updated frequently to maintain the most current information about vertebrate genomes and attempts to present consistently high-quality annotation of all its published vertebrate genomes or genome regions. VEGA was developed by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and is in close association with other annotation databases, such as ZFIN (The Zebrafish Information Network), the Havana Group and GenBank. Manual annotation is currently more accurate at identifying splice variants, pseudogenes, polyadenylation features, non-coding regions and complex gene arrangements than automated methods.
  • 732
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Specificity Advanced Imaging
Advanced cardiac imaging may play a role in discriminating the broad spectrum of differential diagnoses. The easiest tools are represented by the advanced imaging techniques in echocardiography. Among them, the most important one is the myocardial strain evaluation using the speckle-tracking analysis. Similarly, other useful tools are the cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and the positron-emission tomography (PET) that, however, are both more difficult to use in acute patients. Finally, there is no specific advanced imaging useful to differentiate or help in arrhythmias’ management. Nevertheless, being the latter issue an essential prospective, additional studies are needed to further investigate this topic.
  • 730
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
PPAR-γ (NR1C3) in the Skin and Immune System
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the accumulation of red, scaly plaques on the skin. PPAR-γ (NR1C3) is one of three known isotypes of PPAR receptors. Two other isotypes, namely PPAR-α (NR1C1) and -β/δ (NR1C2), are highly homologous to PPAR-γ. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier.
  • 730
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Wolfram Syndrome Type 1&Type 2
Wolfram syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that is typically characterized by diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. 
  • 729
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Sequential Intercept Model
The Sequential Intercept Model clarifies five points at which standard processing of crimes can be intervened with community-based actions, so that individuals with mental and psychiatric disorders would not have to further penetrate the criminal justice system. By understanding and using the model, communities can develop a series of strategies to increase diversion of individuals with mental disorder from the criminal justice system and to help them receive proper community-based treatments. Traced from the early 1990s, the Sequential Intercept Model was first established in Summit County through the collaboration of Munetz, Griffin and Steadman due to the trend of increasing number of criminals with mental health problems appeared. Summit County developed partnerships with the National GAINS centre to launch programs for community-based mental health services. After the success of Summit County, the model was implemented at the regional and state level starting from Pennsylvania and continuously spread to other states with larger task force using this model to illustrate and solve related issues. And finally, it was used in certain policies under the federal level particularly the veterans’ psychological issues and their associated medical treatments. As an effective conceptual tool, the Sequential Intercept Model could be applied to many real-life situations. A significant example is the application for juvenile justice system with two intercepts within the model involved. The diversion programs at schools for students’ behaviour management would be conducted at first and problem-solving courts from Intercept 3 could also be used to provide treatments for teenagers. Meanwhile, researchers and policymakers could also apply the methods within the Sequential Intercept Model for future use.
  • 728
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapy of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, multifactorial degenerative disease of the joint, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation, changes in the synovial membrane and increased volume of synovial fluid with altered coefficient of friction. In some respects, it can also be viewed as an inflammatory disease, leading to chronic pain and decrease of life quality.
  • 726
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Vaginal Disease
A vaginal disease is a pathological condition that affects part or all of the vagina.
  • 725
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pressure-Volume Loop Experiments
Pressure Volume loops are widely used in basic and preclinical research. Left ventricular PV loops are considered to be the gold standard for hemodynamic assessment and are widely used in research to evaluate cardiac performance. While it has long been possible to measure pressure in real time from the left ventricle, measuring the volume was technically more difficult. The use of ultrasonic sonomicrometry and the development of the conductance catheter triggered renewed interest in PV loops studies. In sonomicrometry, small ultrasonic transducers (usually referred to as "crystals") transmit signals to each other, and the distance between them is accurately determined based on the transit-time of the signals. By knowing the long and short axis lengths of the ventricle, ventricular volume is easily and accurately determined. Conductance cathethers measure instantaneous conductance in the left ventricle, which is then converted to blood volume using complex formulas and usually after determining and applying various correction factors. Typically only one method is used to perform PV studies in research settings. The miniaturization of sonomicrometer crystals and pressure catheters have made mice PV loop studies feasible and more common.
  • 724
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Silver-Impregnated EVD in Clinical Practice
External ventricular drain(EVD) are widely used in neurosurgery to control cerebral hypertension mainly related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or traumatic brain injury. It consists of a catheter inserted through the skull into the ventricles by a neurosurgeon, allowing the drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the monitoring and control of the intracranial pressure. It also exposes the patient to ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) leading to higher morbidity and economic burden.
  • 723
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sports Cardiology
Sports cardiology is an emerging subspecialty field of Cardiology. It may also be considered a subspecialty field of Sports medicine (or Sport & Exercise Medicine), or alternatively a hybrid subspecialty that spans cardiology and sports medicine. Emergency medicine is another medical specialty that has some overlap with Sports Cardiology. Sports cardiology is now considered to be a distinct subspecialty in Europe and the USA, with a core curriculum developed in both regions. In Europe it has traditionally been grouped under Preventive Cardiology, but the subspecialty of Sports Cardiology is now considered a distinct field. In the USA, it has developed from being a special interest area to a distinct subspecialty as well. Sports cardiology can be roughly divided into two areas itself: The preventive aspect of Sports Cardiology aligns slightly more with the specialty of Sports Medicine (doctors who look after athletes and exercising people), acute response with Emergency medicine, whereas the management of athletes with known heart disease is more aligned with the Cardiology side of Sports Cardiology. Sports Cardiology as a cardiology subspecialty overlaps with Electrophysiology, Cardiac Stress Testing, Echocardiography and other cardiac imaging, Genetic testing, and Cardiomyopathy. Formal education for doctors is now available in Sports Cardiology, such as a Masters Degree in Sports Cardiology at St George's, University of London.
  • 722
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Imaging in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC) is a feared complication in oncology patients due to its potential for severe pain, permanent neurological disability and mechanical instability of the spine. Radiotherapy constitutes one of the major treatment modalities for MSCC and includes conventional external beam radiotherapy (cEBRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). SBRT is technically feasible in low-grade MSCC (up to Bilsky 1c) and is mainly indicated in the setting of oligometastatic disease, re-irradiation, and in the treatment of radioresistant primary tumors where durable local control and symptom relief are required. SBRT is a high-precision technique that delivers highly conformal ablative doses while minimizing radiation to the surrounding organs at risk.
  • 721
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Commonalities of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases.
  • 721
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Spondyloocular Syndrome
Spondyloocular syndrome (SOS, OMIM # 605822) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by osseous and ocular manifestations, including generalized osteoporosis, multiple long bones fractures, platyspondyly, dense cataracts and retinal detachment, and dysmorphic facial features, with or without short stature, cardiopathy, hearing impairment, and intellectual disability.
  • 720
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Vascular Neoplasms of Uncertain Biological Behavior
Neoplasms of uncertain biological behavior present physicians with a genuine conundrum in practice. Cutaneous vascular neoplasms within this category are exceedingly rare, possessing significant gaps and uncertainty in many facets of clinical practice. 
  • 717
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Local Antibiotics in Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections
Along with the increasing global burden of diabetes, diabetic foot infections (DFI) and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) remain major challenges for patients and society. Despite progress in the development of prominent international guidelines, the optimal medical treatment for DFI and DFO remains unclear as to whether local antibiotics, that is, topical agents and local delivery systems, should be used alone or concomitant to conventional systemic antibiotics.
  • 715
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Green Space Exposure and T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a public health challenge that must be addressed considering the large number of risk factors involved in its appearance. Some environmental risk factors are currently described as predictors of diabetes, with access to green spaces being an element to consider in urban settings.
  • 714
  • 27 Jan 2021
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