Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Nanopore Sequencing
Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers — specifically, polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA. Using nanopore sequencing, a single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemical labeling of the sample. Nanopore sequencing has the potential to offer relatively low-cost genotyping, high mobility for testing, and rapid processing of samples with the ability to display results in real-time. Publications on the method outline its use in rapid identification of viral pathogens, monitoring ebola, environmental monitoring, food safety monitoring, human genome sequencing, plant genome sequencing, monitoring of antibiotic resistance, haplotyping and other applications.
  • 2.4K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Data Link in IoT WSNs
The Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been rapidly and tremendously developing recently as computing technologies have brought about a significant revolution. Their applications and implementations can be found all around us, either individually or collaboratively. WSN plays a leading role in developing the general flexibility of industrial resources in terms of increasing productivity in the IoT. The critical principle of the IoT is to make existing businesses sufficiently intelligent to recognize the need for significant fault mitigation and short-cycle adaptation to improve effectiveness and financial profits. 
  • 2.4K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
ADM-3A
The ADM-3A was an influential early video display terminal, introduced in 1976. It was manufactured by Lear Siegler and had a 12-inch screen displaying 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters. It set a new industry low single unit price of $995. Its "dumb terminal" nickname came from some of the original trade publication advertisements. It quickly became commercially successful because of the rapid increase of computer communications speeds, and because of new minicomputer systems released to the market which required inexpensive operator consoles.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Progress of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers
The concept of photonic crystals was proposed in 1987. Afterward, this kind of artificial structure with photonic bandgaps attracted much attention for their special dispersion. Such artificial structures fabricated at the micro- or nanoscale, namely photonic crystals, can use the periodical changes of material refractive index to affect the propagation of a light beam, imitating natural crystals that give rise to the X-ray diffraction with their atomic lattices. Thus, with this kind of artificial structure, photonic crystals can pave prospective ways for specific light modulation with ultracompact form factors. A revolutionary semiconductor laser technology, namely the photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL), emerges. PCSEL exhibits not only a symmetric beam profile with narrow beam divergence but also a high-power operation with controllability. Therefore, it may be the holy grail for an ultracompact time-of-flight (ToF) LiDAR system.
  • 2.4K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vicara
Vicara (Sanskrit( विचार) and Pali, also vicāra; Tibetan phonetic: chöpa) is a Sanskrit term that is translated as "discernment", "sustained thinking", etc. It is an essential element of dhyana, meditation, both in the Buddhist and the Hindu traditions. In the Theravada tradition, it is defined as the sustained application of the mind on an object. In the Mahayana tradition, vicara is defined as a mental factor that scrutinizes finely to discern the specific details. In Hinduism, it is part of Patanjali's Samprajatna samadhi, and also well known as atma-vichara or self-inquiry.
  • 2.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Citric Acid Derived Carbon Dots
Carbon Dots (CDs) are a kind of 0-D emissive spheroidal carbon-based nanostructures with a size smaller than 20 nm. The CDs, in fact, stand in between organic (polymers) and inorganic materials (black carbon), macromolecules, and nanoparticle, between bottom-up (polycyclic aromatic compounds) and top-down synthesis (laser ablation of graphene, etc.).
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning Defect Detection Methods for Industrial Products
Deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) have had a lot of success in various computer vision fields, such as recognizing faces, identifying pedestrians, detecting text in images, and tracking targets. Additionally, these models are used in a wide range of industrial settings for defect detection.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Sociology
Industrial sociology is a subfield of sociology that examines the relationship between work, industry, and society. It explores how economic production, labor relations, technological advancements, and organizational structures influence social interactions, identity, and class dynamics. Industrial sociology analyzes the changing nature of work, from traditional manufacturing and factory-based labor to service-oriented and knowledge-based economies. It also investigates power structures in the workplace, trade unions, industrial conflict, automation, and globalization.
  • 2.4K
  • 04 Mar 2025
Topic Review
DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Variants
DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) is an integral part of DNA damage response pathway (DDR), responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity. MMR preferably corrects frameshift mutations in microsatellites and mismatched nucleotides generated during DNA replication.
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Polymeric Hydrogels
Polymeric hydrogels (PolyHy) have been extensively explored for their applications in biomedicine as biosensors, in tissue engineering, diagnostic processes, and drug release. The physical and chemical properties of PolyHy indicate their potential use in regulating drug delivery. 
  • 2.4K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Safety-Management Practices and Occupational Accidents
Occupational accidents in organizations result in huge damages to employees’ lives every year. However, organizations have financial costs to bear in terms of productivity, compensation paid, and workdays lost. In addition, they also face the nonfinancial cost of occupational accidents, e.g., the psychological trauma of employee absence from work. In the last two decades, investigations of major industrial accidents pointed out leading factors, e.g., poor safety management. Therefore, attention to occupational accident prevention has been shifted from human and technical errors to catering employees’ safety with management practices. In this regard, safety management plays the most significant role in intervening in the caution process of occupational accidents. 
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Let's Encrypt
Let's Encrypt is a certificate authority that provides X.509 certificates for Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption at no charge. The certificate is valid for 90 days, during which renewal can take place at anytime. The offer is accompanied by an automated process designed to overcome manual creation, validation, signing, installation, and renewal of certificates for secure websites. It launched on April 12, 2016. The project claims to make encrypted connections to World Wide Web servers ubiquitous. By eliminating payment, web server configuration, validation email management and certificate renewal tasks, it is meant to significantly lower the complexity of setting up and maintaining TLS encryption. On a Linux web server, execution of only two commands is sufficient to set up HTTPS encryption and acquire and install certificates. To that end, a software package was included into the official Debian and Ubuntu software repositories. Current initiatives of major browser developers such as Mozilla and Google to deprecate unencrypted HTTP are counting on the availability of Let's Encrypt. The project is acknowledged to have the potential to accomplish encrypted connections as the default case for the entire web. Only domain-validated certificates are being issued, since they can be fully automated. Organization Validation and Extended Validation Certificates are not available. By being as transparent as possible, they hope to both protect their own trustworthiness and guard against attacks and manipulation attempts. For that purpose they regularly publish transparency reports, publicly log all ACME transactions (e.g. by using Certificate Transparency), and use open standards and free software as much as possible. Support of ACME v2 and wildcard certificates was added in March 2018.
  • 2.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Rural Education
AI has immense potential in transforming rural education - bringing solutions to long-standing problems under resource constraints, insufficient teaching, or other forms of educational inequality. Delivering AI-based technologies to limited frameworks in educational systems can be particularly effective in providing tailored learning experiences, virtual classrooms with access to quality education, and using NLP to break language barriers. This integration could greatly contribute to an equitable educational environment in which rural students have opportunities similar to those in the cities for their peers. Despite these benefits, there are a number of challenges to the widespread implementation of artificial intelligence in rural education: poor infrastructure, higher cost of implementation, and lack of instructor training. Besides, the ethical implication on privacy, information security, and prejudices issues in artificial intelligence needs to be handled sensibly to promote equity and inclusivity. Overcoming these is mostly the collaborative effort between governmental institutions, academic institutions, and developers of the technology coupled with financial input towards infrastructure and educating the educators. The present paper discusses the role that artificial intelligence can play in bridging the gap between urban and rural education, highlights its potential applicability, and discusses the challenges that should be overcome to implement it efficiently. Finally, recommendations are made for further policy development and the enhancement of AI projects in rural education to make the education of all learners more equal and effective.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins
The survival of insects depends on their ability to detect molecules present in their environment. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) form a family of proteins involved in chemoreception. While OBPs were initially found in olfactory appendages, recently these proteins were discovered in other chemosensory and non-chemosensory organs. OBPs can bind, solubilize and transport hydrophobic stimuli to chemoreceptors across the aqueous sensilla lymph. In addition to this broadly accepted “transporter role”, OBPs can also buffer sudden changes in odorant levels and are involved in hygro-reception. The physiological roles of OBPs expressed in other body tissues, such as mouthparts, pheromone glands, reproductive organs, digestive tract and venom glands, remain to be investigated.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Football
The nuclear football (also known as the atomic football, the President's emergency satchel, the Presidential Emergency Satchel, the button, the black box, or just the football) is a briefcase, the contents of which are to be used by the President of the United States to authorize a nuclear attack while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room. It functions as a mobile hub in the strategic defense system of the United States . It is held by an aide-de-camp.
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanofluids
Nanofluids are advanced category of fluids that are formed by dispersing nano scaled particles within non-dissolving conventional fluids. What makes such suspensions favourable to many thermal applications is that the developed thermal property of the fabricated fluid becomes somewhere within the range of that of the added solid particles and that of the conventional basefluid used. Nevertheless, the main challenges that faces the commercialization of such class of fluids are: 1- maintaining the physical stability of the dispersion, which otherwise can leads to a degradation in the effective thermophysical properties with time; and 2- the accompanied increase in effective viscosity of the mixture that generally cause the pressure losses in the system to increase, and hence the pumping power demands rises accordingly.    
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Agricultural Sustainability
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one innovation emerging from the digitalization trend, often being used for precision agriculture and to enhance smart farming techniques. The digitalization of agricultural systems is aimed at the technological optimization of production, value chains, and food systems, as well as minimizing the environmental impacts of agriculture. 
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
2015–16 Zika Virus Epidemic
In early 2015, a widespread epidemic of Zika fever, caused by the Zika virus in Brazil , spread to other parts of South and North America. It also affected several islands in the Pacific, and Southeast Asia. In January 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) said the virus was likely to spread throughout most of the Americas by the end of the year. In November 2016 WHO announced the end of the Zika epidemic. In February 2016, WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern as evidence grew that Zika can cause birth defects as well as neurological problems. The virus can be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus, then can cause microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in the infant. Zika infections in adults can result in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Prior to this outbreak, Zika was considered a mild infection, as most Zika virus infections are asymptomatic, making it difficult to determine precise estimates of the number of cases. In approximately one in five cases, Zika virus infections result in Zika fever, a minor illness that causes symptoms such as fever and a rash. The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas. It can also be spread by the Aedes albopictus ("Asian tiger") mosquito, which is distributed as far north as the Great Lakes region in North America. Men infected with Zika can transmit the virus to their sexual partners. A number of countries have issued travel warnings, and the outbreak is expected to reduce tourism significantly. Several countries have taken the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy until more is known about the virus and its impact on fetal development. Furthermore, the outbreak raised concerns regarding the safety of athletes and spectators at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. In Brazil, the Zika virus epidemic revealed structural problems of the health system, in particular in public health services and basic sanitation.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Semantic Memory
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives. This general knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat. We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past. Semantic memory and episodic memory are both types of explicit memory (or declarative memory), that is, memory of facts or events that can be consciously recalled and "declared". The counterpart to declarative or explicit memory is nondeclarative memory or implicit memory.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Mycocompounds of Selected Medicinal Mushrooms for HPV
Medicinal mushrooms have been used as a medicinal tool for many centuries and, nowadays, are used in the prevention and therapy of various diseases, including as an adjunct to cancer treatment. It is estimated that 14–16% of global cancer cases are caused by infectious events; one well-known infectious agent that leads to cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is responsible for more than 99.7% of cervical cancer cases and also may play a role in vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, rectal, and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis. Coriolus versicolor, a basidiomycetes class mushroom, consists of glycoproteins called polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which are mainly responsible for its effectiveness in the fight against a variety of cancers. Its beneficial effect lies in its ability to arrest different phases of the cell cycle, immunomodulation or induction of apoptosis. Coriolus versicolor extractcan reduces BCL-2 expression or increases the expression of p53 tumour suppressor genes in breast tumour cell lines. Inhibition of proliferation was also demonstrated with HeLa cells, while cervical cytology abnormalities improved in patients who locally applied Coriolus versicolor-based vaginal gel. Coriolus versicolor extract itself, and also its combination with another medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, leads to improved HPV clearance in HPV cervical or oral-positive patients. Medicinal mushrooms can also increase the effectiveness of vaccination.
  • 2.4K
  • 11 Apr 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2727
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback