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Topic Review
Fiber-Optic Nanotip Sensors for Chemical Detection
Recently, rapid progress has been achieved in the field of nanomaterial preparation and investigation. Many nanomaterials have been employed in optical chemical sensors and biosensors. This entry is focused on fiber-optic nanotip sensors for chemical sensing based on silica and plastic optical fibers. The preparation, materials, and sensing characteristics of selected fiber-optic nanotip sensors are employed to show the performance of such nanosensors for chemical sensing. Some examples of fiber-optic nanotip biosensors are included in order to document the broad sensing performance of fiber-optic nanosensors. The employments of fiber nanotips for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and in nanosensors using both electrical and optical principles are also discussed.  
  • 543
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Applications of Liposomes
Liposomes have been extensively developed and used for various clinical applications such as in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and dietetic fields, due to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to enhance the therapeutic index of free drugs. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including liposome premature leakage, manufacturing irreproducibility, and limited translation success.
  • 542
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Applications in Sepsis
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by physiological, pathological, and biochemical abnormalities induced by an invading pathogen, causing dysregulated host immune response and resulting as ultimately responsible for life-threatening organ dysfunction. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting all age groups and representing a significant global burden.
  • 536
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Non-Fullerene Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics
The classic perylene diimide dye has been extensively used to construct non-fullerene acceptors, leading to device power conversion efficiencies of over 10%. Strong visible light absorption and deep frontier molecular energy levels have made such materials (both molecular and polymeric) near ideal for pairing with narrow-gap conjugated polymers in bulk-heterojunction active layers. The N-annulation of the dye provides an extra site for side-chain engineering and alters the electronic structure of the polycyclic aromatic core. In addition, N-annulation allows for selective bromination of the perylene core, leading to building blocks that are useful for the construction of large molecular frameworks using the atom-economical direct heteroarylation cross-coupling method.
  • 532
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Reduced Graphene Oxide-Loaded Metal-Oxide Nanofiber Gas Sensors
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a reduced form of graphene oxide used extensively in gas sensing applications. On the other hand, in its pristine form, graphene has shortages and is generally utilized in combination with other metal oxides to improve gas sensing capabilities. There are different ways of adding rGO to different metal oxides with various morphologies. 
  • 523
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Traditional Group-IV Material Batteries through Ion Migration
Ion migration refers to the process of ions moving within a medium driven by an external electric field or a chemical gradient. The prerequisite for the implementation of ion migration technology lies in the construction of suitable electrodes, electrolytes, and media. Group-IV materials, due to their abundant raw materials, low production costs, non-toxic nature, and excellent electrochemical properties, serve as ideal anode materials for various ion migration-based batteries. Group-IV materials, as crucial components of ion migration-driven energy storage technologies, have been a focal point of research for decades. Various studies encompass the design and fabrication of rational structures, as well as selecting metal ions with different valence states (Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc.) to enhance the performance of ion batteries.
  • 522
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biological Applications of IO@MS Core-Shell Nanoparticles
The design of core-shell nanocomposites composed of an iron oxide core and a silica shell offers promising applications in the nanomedicine field, especially for developing efficient theranostic systems which may be useful for cancer treatments. 
  • 516
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis Strategies for Dual-Emissive Carbon Dots
Tuning the optical properties of carbon dots (CDs) and figuring out the mechanisms underneath the emissive phenomena have been one of the most cutting-edge topics in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials. Dual-emissive CDs possess the intrinsic dual-emission character upon single-wavelength excitation, which significantly benefits their multi-purpose applications.
  • 505
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Limitation Turned into an Advantage in Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment consists of cellular and non-cellular components. The former includes numerous stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamentally immunosuppressive to defend tumor cells against immune surveillance. In fact, the TME provides the best supporting system for cancers to grow. Therefore, combatting TME conditions seems to be a wise approach to cancer therapy.
  • 503
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques for Morphological Characterization of Magnetic Films
Microscopy imaging techniques are critical for the morphological characterization of thin films because they provide nanoscale structural and compositional information that impacts properties. Techniques discussed below reveal grain size, grain boundaries, surface roughness and interfaces, and defects at high resolution. When coupled with spectroscopy, microscopy may provide compositional mapping and magnetic information. This multiscale morphological information is key to elucidating structure–property relationships in thin films.
  • 501
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology with Photo- and Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this pathology, which include a personalized approach using radio- and chemotherapies in combination with advanced surgical techniques, it is imperative to enhance the performance of these treatments and decrease their detrimental side effects on patients’ health. Nanomedicine is likely the pathway towards solving this challenge by enhancing both the therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. In particular, plasmonic nanoparticles show remarkable potential due to their dual therapeutic functionalities as photothermal therapy agents and as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy.
  • 497
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application of Fiber-Type Transistors in Sensors
Fiber-type electronics is a crucial field for realizing wearable electronic devices with a wide range of sensing applications. Fiber-type transistors have been applied in various fields, such as memory, energy storage, chemical and biosensors, light-emitting devices, and solar cells.
  • 475
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Constituents and Morphologies of Polymeric Nanocarriers
Typically, solid colloidal particles with a diameter of less than 1000 nm are referred to as nanocarriers. However, to avoid rapid clearance after intravenous administration, prolong the circulation half-life, and at the same time increase the likelihood of crossing various biologic barriers while preventing accumulation in capillaries and healthy tissues, the most common nanoparticle size for drug delivery referred to in the literature is between 100 and 500 nm. Depending on their internal structure, polymeric nanocarriers may be further classified as nanospheres (nanoparticles) or nanocapsules (NCs).
  • 469
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Perovskite-Based Materials Modified with Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and hybrid organo-halide perovskites are two important types of hybrid nanoscale frameworks with great potential in materials chemistry. Both are currently under intensive investigation for a wide range of possible applications. 
  • 469
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bright and Stable Nanomaterials for Imaging and Sensing
Optical techniques for imaging and diagnosis are at the center of the wonderous developments in the biomedical field, which are paving the way to personalized medicine. Fluorescence-based techniques, in particular, have allowed dramatic progress in the analysis of biological systems and other complex processes. This is because they present better specificity, sensitivity, contrast, and versatility than techniques based on the absorption/reflection of light. Their performance is closely related to the brightness and photostability of the light-emitting materials: the amount of light emitted for a given illumination and the ability to withstand high-power illumination without degrading.
  • 453
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Designing Plant-Based Anticancer Nanoparticles against Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for 85% of liver cancer cases, continues to be the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although various forms of chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been investigated in clinics, patients continue to suffer from high toxicity and undesirable side effects. Medicinal plants contain novel critical bioactives that can target multimodal oncogenic pathways; however, their clinical translation is often challenged due to poor aqueous solubility, low cellular uptake, and poor bioavailability. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery presents great opportunities in HCC therapy by increasing selectivity and transferring sufficient doses of bioactives to tumor areas with minimal damage to adjacent healthy cells. In fact, many phytochemicals encapsulated in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nanocarriers have demonstrated the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment with different molecular mechanisms. Although polymer-based and lipid-based nanocarriers usually provide great benefit for bioactives, a custom design and optimization of nanocarrier is recommended for targeting HCC.  
  • 431
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Incorporation of Inorganic Antimicrobial Agents into Nanofibers
Nanofibrous materials represent a very promising form of advanced carrier systems that can be used industrially, especially in regenerative medicine as highly functional bandages, or advanced wound dressings. By incorporation of antimicrobial additives directly into the structure of the nanofiber carrier, the functionality of the layer is upgraded, depending on the final requirement—bactericidal, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, or a generally antimicrobial effect. Such highly functional nanofibrous layers can be prepared mostly by electrospinning technology from both synthetic and natural polymers. The presence of a natural polymer in the composition is very advantageous. Especially in medical applications where, due to the presence of the material close to the human body, the healing process is more efficient and without the occurrence of an unwanted inflammatory response.
  • 414
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Hybrid Systems Using Hydrogels and Nanotechnology
Topical and transdermal drug delivery are advantageous administration routes, especially when treating diseases and conditions with a skin etiology. Nevertheless, conventional dosage forms often lead to low therapeutic efficacy, safety issues, and patient noncompliance. To tackle these issues, novel topical and transdermal platforms involving nanotechnology have been developed. The development of nanoemulgels for skin application is focused, encapsulating a wide variety of molecules, including already marketed drugs (miconazole, ketoconazole, fusidic acid, imiquimod, meloxicam), repurposed marketed drugs (atorvastatin, omeprazole, leflunomide), natural-derived compounds (eucalyptol, naringenin, thymoquinone, curcumin, chrysin, brucine, capsaicin), and other synthetic molecules (ebselen, tocotrienols, retinyl palmitate), for wound healing, skin and skin appendage infections, skin inflammatory diseases, skin cancer, neuropathy, or anti-aging purposes. Developed formulations revealed adequate droplet size, PDI, viscosity, spreadability, pH, stability, drug release, and drug permeation and/or retention capacity, having more advantageous characteristics than current marketed formulations. 
  • 408
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nanoimprint—Mo(o)re than Lithography
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a high-resolution parallel patterning method based on molding. It has proven resolution down to the nanometer range and can be scaled up for large areas and high throughput. Its main characteristic is that the surface pattern of a mold is imprinted on a material that is displaced locally by using the difference in hardness of the mold and the moldable material, thus replicating its surface topography. This can be achieved by shaping a thermoplastic film by heating and cooling (T-NIL) or a photosensitive resin followed by a curing process for hardening (UV-NIL). In lithography, the local thickness contrast of the thin molded film can be used as a masking layer to transfer the pattern onto the underlying substrate. Therefore, NIL will be an alternative in fields in which electron-beam lithography and photolithography do not provide sufficient resolution at reasonable throughput. Direct imprint enables applications where a modified functional surface is needed without pattern transfer. NIL is currently used for high-volume manufacturing in different applications, like patterned sapphire substrates, wire grid polarizers, photonic devices, lightguides for AR/VR devices, metalenses, and biosensors for DNA analysis, and is being tested for semiconductor integrated circuit chips.
  • 53
  • 25 Nov 2025
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