Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds
Diverse medicinal plants such as those from the genus Artemisia have been employed globally for centuries by individuals belonging to different cultures. Universally, Artemisia species have been used to remedy various maladies that range from simple fevers to malaria. 
  • 2.5K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biological Theories of Dyslexia
The primary symptoms of dyslexia were first identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881. The term dyslexia was coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, an ophthalmologist practicing in Stuttgart, Germany . Since then generations of researchers have been investigating what dyslexia is and trying to identify the biological causes. The theories of the etiology of dyslexia have and are evolving with each new generation of dyslexia researchers, and the more recent theories of dyslexia tend to enhance one or more of the older theories as understanding of the nature of dyslexia evolves. Theories should not be viewed as competing, but as attempting to explain the underlying causes of a similar set of symptoms from a variety of research perspectives and background.
  • 2.5K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Utau
UTAU is a Japanese singing synthesizer application created by Ameya/Ayame (飴屋／菖蒲). This program is similar to the VOCALOID software, with the difference being it is shareware instead of under a third party licensing.
  • 2.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Luteolin
Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a member of the flavonoid family derived from plants and fruits, shows a wide range of biomedical applications. In fact, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, Asian medicine has been using luteolin for centuries to treat several human diseases, including arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, neurodegenerative disorders and various infections. Of note, luteolin displays many anti-cancer/anti-metastatic properties.
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Transglutaminase 2
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme catalyzing the crosslinking between Gln and Lys residues and involved in various pathophysiological events. Besides this crosslinking activity, TG2 functions as a deamidase, GTPase, isopeptidase, adapter/scaffold, protein disulfide isomerase, and kinase. It also plays a role in the regulation of hypusination and serotonylation.
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Employee Ecological Behaviour (EEB)
Employee green behaviour involves two aspects: task-related green behaviour implemented within employee responsibilities and proactive green behaviour implemented beyond employee responsibilities as stated by the autonomous standards of behaviour (organisational requirements and individual requirements self-determination). Task-related green behaviour denotes the green behaviour performed by employees when completing the core tasks demanded by organisations (e.g., environmental protection responsibilities stipulated in performing duties, compliance to environmental standards, and others). Discretionary and environmentally-friendly behaviour not clearly acknowledged by the formal reward system is known as proactive green behaviour. Organisations encourage EEB to ensure the environmental management system is successfully implemented, and environmental performance achievement increases
  • 2.5K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Raj`a
Raj`a (Arabic: الرجعة) (alternatively rjaa, raja'a, raj'at) in Islamic terminology, refers to the Second Coming, or the return to life of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death. While primarily used in Shia Muslim terminology, variations on the doctrine exist in Sunni Islam and the Bahá'í Faith, and raj`a is used to describe certain Christian doctrines in Arabic.
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Colloidal Silica and Geotechnical Properties of Liquefiable Soils
Colloidal silica (CS) is a kind of nanomaterial used in soil/rock grouting techniques in different branches of civil engineering. CS grout is chemically and biologically inert and, when injected into a subsoil, it can form a silica gel and stabilize the desired soil layer, thus representing an attractive, environmentally friendly alternative to standard chemical grouting techniques.
  • 2.5K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
WEC with Linear Generator-Based Direct Electric-Drive PTO System
The traditional wave energy converters (WECs) use hydraulic or turbine-type power take-off (PTO) mechanisms which consist of many moving parts, creating mechanical complexity and increasing the installation and maintenance costs. Linear generator-based direct-drive WECs could be a solution to overcome this problem. 
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
thumb|A Hanford scientist uses an Auger electron spectrometer to determine the elemental composition of surfaces. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced [oʒe] in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science. Underlying the spectroscopic technique is the Auger effect, as it has come to be called, which is based on the analysis of energetic electrons emitted from an excited atom after a series of internal relaxation events. The Auger effect was discovered independently by both Lise Meitner and Pierre Auger in the 1920s. Though the discovery was made by Meitner and initially reported in the journal Zeitschrift für Physik in 1922, Auger is credited with the discovery in most of the scientific community. Until the early 1950s Auger transitions were considered nuisance effects by spectroscopists, not containing much relevant material information, but studied so as to explain anomalies in X-ray spectroscopy data. Since 1953 however, AES has become a practical and straightforward characterization technique for probing chemical and compositional surface environments and has found applications in metallurgy, gas-phase chemistry, and throughout the microelectronics industry.
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pacific Temperate Rainforests (WWF Ecoregion)
The Pacific temperate rainforests ecoregion of North America is the largest temperate rain forest ecoregion on the planet as defined by the World Wildlife Fund (other definitions exist). The Pacific temperate rain forests lie along the western side of the Pacific Coast Ranges along the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America from the Prince William Sound in Alaska through the British Columbia Coast to Northern California, and are part of the Nearctic ecozone, as also defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The Pacific temperate rain forests are characterized by a high amount of rainfall, in some areas more than 300 cm (10 ft) per year and moderate temperatures in both the summer and winter months (10–24 °C or 50–75 °F). This ecoregion is a subregion of the Cascadia bioregion. These rain forests occur in a number of ecoregions, which vary in their species composition, but are predominantly of conifers, sometimes with an understory of broadleaf trees, ferns and shrubs. In the WWF's system, sub-ecoregions of the Pacific Temperate Rain Forests Ecoregion are the Northern Pacific coastal forests, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Central Pacific coastal forests, Central and Southern Cascades forests, Klamath-Siskiyou forests, and Northern California coastal forests ecoregions. The forests in the north contain predominantly Sitka spruce and western hemlock, while those in the coastal forests are home as well to coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar and shore pine. Notably, the three tallest species of trees are found here. Dense growths of epiphytes and mosses cover the trees, and lush vegetation is present everywhere. Hardwood trees such as the bigleaf maple and the alder are also common, especially at lower elevations and along stream banks, and are vital to the ecosystem, in part because of their nitrogen fixing.
  • 2.5K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Climate of the Alps
The climate of the Alps is the climate, or average weather conditions over a long period of time, of the exact middle Alpine region of Europe. As air rises from sea level to the upper regions of the atmosphere the temperature decreases. The effect of mountain topography on prevailing winds is to force warm air from the lower region into an upper zone where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of heat, often accompanied by the precipitation of moisture in the form of snow, rain or hail. The position of the Alps in the central European continent profoundly affects the climate of all the surrounding regions. The accumulation of vast masses of snow, which have gradually been converted into permanent glaciers, maintains a gradation of very different climates within the narrow space that intervenes between the foot of the mountains and their upper ridges; it cools breezes that waft to the plains on either side, but its most important function is to regulate the water supply of the large region which is traversed by the streams of the Alps. Nearly all the moisture that is precipitated during fall, winter, and spring is stored in the form of snow and gradually diffused in the course of the succeeding summer; even in the hottest and driest seasons the reserves accumulated during a long preceding period of years in the form of glaciers are available to maintain the regular flow of the greater streams. Nor is this all; the lakes that fill several of the main valleys on the southern side of the Alps are somewhat above the level of the plains of Lombardy and Venetia, and afford an inexhaustible supply of water, which, from a remote period, has been used for that system of irrigation to which they owe their proverbial fertility. Six regions or zones, which are best distinguished by their characteristic vegetation, are found in the Alps. It is an error to suppose that these are indicated by absolute height above sea level. Local conditions of exposure to the Sun, protection from cold winds, or the reverse, are of primary importance in determining the climate and the corresponding vegetation.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Plants
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are becoming promising cancer therapeutic and diagnostic metal NPs that attract researchers due to their unique physiochemical properties such as stability, biocompatibility, high thermal activity, optical, electrical, high surface area to volume ratio surface chemistry, and multifunctionalization, etc. By fine tuning the components and concentrations, AuNPs can be easily manufactured into various forms and sizes. AuNPs have also shown significant advancement in treating inflammatory diseases and bacterial infections.
  • 2.5K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cycling
Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bicyclists", or "bikers". Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, "cycling" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs). Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide. They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world. Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances. Bicycles provide numerous benefits in comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling, easier parking, increased maneuverability, and access to roads, bike paths and rural trails. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air or noise pollution, and much reduced traffic congestion. These lead to less financial cost to the user as well as to society at large (negligible damage to roads, less road area required). By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve. In addition, cycling provides a variety of health benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that cycling can reduce the risk of cancers, heart disease, and diabetes that are prevalent in sedentary lifestyles. Cycling on stationary bikes have also been used as part of rehabilitation for lower limb injuries, particularly after hip surgery. Individuals who cycle regularly have also reported mental health improvements, including less perceived stress and better vitality. Among the disadvantages of cycling are the requirement of bicycles (excepting tricycles or quadracycles) to be balanced by the rider in order to remain upright, the reduced protection in crashes in comparison to motor vehicles, often longer travel time (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions, difficulty in transporting passengers, and the fact that a basic level of fitness is required for cycling moderate to long distances.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Super Duplex Stainless Steel
In this present study, the influence of isothermal aging temperature and duration on microstructural and mechanical properties of a hot-deformed UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) alloy was investigated by SEM-EBSD (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Backscatter Diffraction) and tensile testing techniques. An isothermal aging treatment, at temperatures between (400 - 600)°C and treatment duration between (3 - 120)h, was applied to a commercial UNS S32750 SDSS alloy. Microstructural characteristics of all thermo-mechanical (TM) processed states, such as distribution and morphology of constituent phases, grain’s modal orientation (MO) and, obtained mechanical properties were analysed correlated with the TM processing conditions. Obtained experimental results show that the constituent phases, in all TM processed states, are represented by delta- and gamma-phases. SEM-EBSD analysis revealed microstructural modifications induced by TM processing, showing elongated gamma-phase grains within delta-phase matrix. Within the delta-phase matrix, dynamically recrystallized grains were identified as a result of applying hot deformation and isothermal aging treatments. Also, it was observed that aging treatment parameters can significantly influence the mechanical behaviour exhibited by the UNS S32750 SDSS alloy, in terms of elongation to fracture and absorbed energy during impact testing.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Clavulanic Acid
Clavulanic acid is an irreversible β-lactamase enzyme inhibitor with a weak antibacterial activity produced by the filamentous actinomycete Streptomyces clavuligerus (S. clavuligerus) and, in a lesser extent, by other streptomyces species. Clavulanic acid is typically co-formulated with broad-spectrum β‑lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin and ticarcillin, conferring them high potential to treat infectious diseases caused by β‑lactam-resistant bacteria like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pneumonia.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Solid Waste Management
Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the significant global issues that is more evident in developing nations. One of the key methods for disposing of the MSW is locating, assessing, and planning for landfill sites.  Due to rapidly expanding global urbanization, associated lack of resources, and inadequate urban waste management, MSW issues and management concerns are on the rise. Over a third of total municipal waste out of two billion tons generated remains uncollected worldwide. MSW is collected and disposed of at certain locations or burnt down in most developing nations. Landfill sites for solid waste must be inspected in terms of all requirements to reduce economic and environmental expenses.
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Wheat Gluten and Gluten-Free Alternatives
Gluten is the nitrogen storage protein matrix found in wheat and cereals belonging to the Triticeae tribe, and it is composed of two proteins: gliadin and glutenin.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
In-Vitro Gas Production Technique
The in vitro gas production technique, either based on volume or pressure measurements, was initially set up for the evaluation of the rate and extent of fermentation of feeds for ruminants. Since it is carried out under pH conditions simulating a well-bu ered medium (from pH 6.5 to 6.8), it has been generally focused to evaluation of forages and fibrous by-products, or by estimating fermentation of concentrate feeds (cereals, protein sources) for extrapolation of their use in mixed diets. However, it has also been used for determination of the nutritive value of feeds in all-concentrate diets, without taking into account that in such cases pH may range between 6.5 and 5.8, and often below this range, creating unfavourable conditions for bacterial fermentation. Modifying the concentration of bicarbonate ion in the incubation solution allows to adjust the incubation pH to conditions that simulate the in vitro fermentation conditions to those occurring under high-concentrate feeding. This highlights the importance of the incubation pH for the estimation of fermentation of feeds.
  • 2.5K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Eye Diseases Associated with Oral Pathogens
Even before the advancement of sophisticated molecular biology techniques, eye diseases were regarded as manifestations of infections in the mouth. A few of the ancient studies interrelated the resolution of the given disease upon elimination of oral sepsis by extraction of the infected teeth. In this context, bacteria and or their toxic metabolites and reflex nervous irritation were considered to be the crucial factors. In successive years, the concept of “oral foci of infection” lost its attention. Nonetheless, there are many studies successively acknowledged periodontitis as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of assorted inflammatory eye diseases including scleritis, iritis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Sjogren syndrome (SS).
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback