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Topic Review
T-Cell Engagers in Solid Cancers
There are multiple strategies to target cancer cells, and among the rapidly evolving field is the use of bispecific antibodies and T-cell engagers in the treatment of cancers. These drugs work by recruiting and activating T-cells, a type of white blood cell, to recognize and attack cancer cells. These agents consist of two different antibody fragments: one that binds to a tumor antigen on cancer cells and another that binds to the CD3 receptor on T-cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Adrenocortical Carcinoma pathological features
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a heterogenous group of diseases with different clinical be-haviour between adult and paediatric patients. In addition, three histological variants, oncocytic, myxoid and sarcomatoid are noted on the recent World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of ACC. A review of recent literature showed that the different types of ACC have distinctive demographic data, clinical presentation, pathology, biological behaviour, genomic and patients’ prognosis. In addition, recent updates of pathology staging for ACC allow refinement of prognos-tic grouping for planning treatment of the patients with ACC.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lithium as a Promising Anticancer Agent
Lithium is a therapeutic cation used to treat bipolar disorders but also has some important features as an anti-cancer agent. Lithium formulations such as lithium acetoacetate (LiAcAc), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) induce apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of tumor growth and also participate in the regulation of tumor proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, lithium is synergistic with standard cancer therapies, enhancing their anti-tumor effects. In addition, lithium has a neuroprotective role in cancer patients, by improving their quality of life. Interestingly, nano-sized lithium enhances its anti-tumor activities and protects vital organs from the damage caused by lipid peroxidation during tumor development.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer in the Arabian Gulf Countries
Breast cancer stands as the prevailing malignancy across all six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Most of the studies reported a consistent increase in breast cancer incidence over the past decades, which was particularly attributed to the adoption of a Westernized lifestyle in the region and the implications of emerging risk factors and other environmental and societal factors, the increase in screening uptake, as well as the improvement in data collection and reporting in the GCC. The data on breast cancer risk factors in the GCC were limited. In this geographic region, breast cancer frequently manifests with distinctive characteristics, including an early onset, typically occurring before the age of 50; an advanced stage at presentation; and a higher pathological grade. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in CRC
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) fuel tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). These cells therefore represent a promising target for the treatment of CRC. This review addresses the complexity of studying CSCs in CRC research and developing clinically effective treatments to enable CRC patients to achieve a short and long-term therapeutic response.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment
Nanozyme synthesis is an innovative technology since it connects nanoparticles with biological activities and framework. Various assays have been implemented for the enzymes of proteins that also implement nanozymes, which could also have the potential for performing the catalysis of similar substrates. Due to such different functions of nanozymes, they are used for the treatment of the environment, biosensing, agents that act against microbes, cytoprotection of different cell biomolecules with management, diagnosis of diseases, etc..
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs）
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are accounting for 8% of the human genome. These sequences are remnants from ancient germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. After million years of evolution and multiple integrations, HERVs have acquired many damages rendering them defective. At steady state, HERVs are mostly localized in the heterochromatin and silenced by methylation. Multiple conditions have been described to induce their reactivation, including auto-immune diseases and cancers. HERVs re-expression leads to RNA (simple and double-stranded) and DNA production (by reverse transcription), modulating the innate immune response. Some studies also argue for a role of HERVs in shaping the evolution of innate immunity, notably in the development of the interferon response. However, their exact role in the innate immune response, particularly in cancer, remains to be defined. In this review, we see how HERVs could be key-players in mounting an antitumor immune response.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Akt in Oral Squamous
Protein kinase B (Akt) plays a very significant role in various cancers including oral cancer. However, it has three isoforms (Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3) and they perform distinct functions and even play contrasting roles in different cancers. Therefore, it becomes essential to evaluate the isoform-specific role of Akt in oral cancer. In the present study, an attempt has been made to elucidate theisoform-specific role of Akt in oral cancer. The immunohistochemical analysis of oral cancer tissues showed an overexpression ofAkt1 and 2 isoforms but not Akt3. Moreover, the dataset of “The Cancer Genome Atlas” for head and neck cancer has suggested thegenetic alterations of Akt1 and 2 tend to be associated with the utmost poor clinical outcome in oral cancer. Further, treatment of oralcancer cells with tobacco and its components such as benzo(a)pyrene and nicotine caused increased mRNA levels of Akt1 and 2isoforms and also enhanced the aggressiveness of oral cancer cells in terms of proliferation, and clonogenic and migration potential.Finally, silencing of Akt1 and 2 isoforms caused decreased cell survival and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Akt1/2 silencing also reduced tobacco-induced aggressiveness by decreasing the clonogenic and migration potential of oral cancer cells.Moreover, silencing of Akt1 and 2 isoforms was found to decrease the expression of proteins regulating cancer cell survival andproliferation such as cyclooxygenase-2, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cyclin D1, and survivin. Thus, the important role of Akt1 and 2isoforms have been elucidated in oral cancer with in-depth mechanistic analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer
Immuno-oncology has redefined the treatment of lung cancer, with the ultimate goal being the reactivation of the anti-tumor immune response. However, a high percentage of lung cancer patients do not respond to these therapies or their responses are transient. Here, we summarized the impact of immunotherapy on lung cancer patients in the latest clinical trials conducted on this disease. As well as the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in this disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Radiation, Immunotherapy in UGI cancer
Radiotherapy remains one of the contemporary cornerstones of cancer treatment in the neoadju-vant, curative, adjuvant and palliative settings, either in isolation or as a multimodal approach. Moreover, recent advances in targeted immune checkpoint therapy have firmly established im-munotherapy as the fourth pillar in cancer therapy alongside surgery, chemotherapy and notably radiotherapy. There is emerging evidence to suggest both radioresistance and reduced efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) are potentiated by the tumour microenvironment (TME) and in fact modulating aspects of this immunosuppressive milieu is instrumental to unlocking an-ti-tumour immunity.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Atypical Endometriosis-Associated Biomarkers
Ovarian endometriosis may increase the risk of malignancy. Several studies have suggested atypical endometriosis as the direct precursor of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Atypical endometriosis can be a transitioning entity from endometriosis to endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers. 39 studies assessing numerous molecular targets of AE, such as immunohistochemical expression of BAF250, PIK3CA, PTEN, HNF-1beta, ER, and PR. Unfortunately, these molecular biomarkers of AE require expensive molecular analysis, histological examination is always needed, and none of them has such strong evidence to justify their systematic use in the management of the neoplastic risk of endometriosis. Further studies are needed to validate evidence on available biomarkers for the presence of AE, which is a high oncologic risk condition. Moreover, the introduction of novel serum biomarkers could be useful for the non-invasive diagnosis of AE.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Role of Midkine in Cancer Drug Resistance
Molecules involved in drug resistance can be targeted for better therapeutic efficacies. Research on midkine (MDK) has escalated in the last few decades, which affirms a positive correlation between disease progression and MDK expression in most cancers and indicates its association with multi-drug resistance in cancer. MDK, a secretory cytokine found in blood, can be exploited as a potent biomarker for the non-invasive detection of drug resistance expressed in various cancers and, thereby, can be targeted. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Interstitial Brachytherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment
Breast cancer represents the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the female population, despite continuing advances in treatment options that have significantly accelerated in recent years. Conservative treatments have radically changed the concept of healing, also focusing on the psychological aspect of oncological treatments. In this scenario, radiotherapy plays a key role. Brachytherapy is an extremely versatile radiation technique that can be used in various settings for breast cancer treatment. Although it is invasive, technically complex, and requires a long learning curve, the dosimetric advantages and sparing of organs at risk are unequivocal. Literature data support muticatheter interstitial brachytherapy as the only method with strong scientific evidence to perform partial breast irradiation and reirradiation after previous conservative surgery and external beam radiotherapy, with longer follow-up than new, emerging radiation techniques, whose effectiveness is proven by over 20 years of experience.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Functional Precision Oncology on Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma remains the most malignant and intrinsically resistant brain tumour in adults. Precision oncology refers to the evaluation of treatment efficacies and vulnerabilities of (ex vivo) living tumor cells in a highly personalized way. Precision oncology aims at identifying effective therapeutic approaches based on properties (biomarkers) that are specific to each patient’s tumor.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Matrisomal Gene Panel for Head and Neck Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is common worldwide and related to several risk factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, poor dentition and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Different etiological factors may influence the tumor microenvironment and play a role in dictating response to therapeutics. Here, we sought to investigate whether an early-stage SCCHN-specific prognostic matrisome-derived gene signature could be identified for HPV-negative SCCHN patients (n = 168), by applying a bioinformatics pipeline to the publicly available SCCHN-TCGA dataset. We identified six matrisome-derived genes with high association with prognostic outcomes in SCCHN. A six-gene risk score, the SCCHN TMI (SCCHN-tumor matrisome index: composed of MASP1, EGFL6, SFRP5, SPP1, MMP8 and P4HA1) was constructed and used to stratify patients into risk groups. Using machine learning-based deconvolution methods, we found that the risk groups were characterized by a differing abundance of infiltrating immune cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carcinoid Crisis Management
Carcinoid Crisis represents a rare and extremely dangerous manifestation that can occur in patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs). It is characterized by a sudden onset of hemodynamic instability, sometimes associated with the classical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, such as bronchospasm and flushing. Carcinoid Crisis seems to be caused by a massive release of vasoactive substances, typically produced by neuroendocrine cells, and can emerge after abdominal procedures, but also spontaneously in rare instances. To date, there are no empirically derived guidelines for the management of this cancer-related medical emergency, and the available evidence essentially comes from single-case reports or dated small retrospective series. A transfer to the Intensive Care Unit may be necessary during the acute setting, when the severe hypotension becomes unresponsive to standard practices, such as volemic filling and the infusion of vasopressor therapy. The only effective strategy is represented by prevention. The administration of octreotide, anxiolytic and antihistaminic agents represents the current treatment approach to avoid hormone release and prevent major complications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Potential of DHA as Cancer Therapy Strategies
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), also known as omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is a natural compound that has demonstrated pharmacological activity against several malignant neoplasms. Available cancer treatments cause side effects, affect healthy cells, reduce the quality of life of patients and may cause resistance to antineoplastics. For these reasons, the search for new therapies is continuous.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Claudin-4 as Molecular Target for Epithelial Cancer Therapy
Claudin-4 (CLDN4) is a key component of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cells. CLDN4 is overexpressed in many epithelial malignancies and correlates with cancer progression. Changes in CLDN4 expression have been associated with epigenetic factors (such as hypomethylation of promoter DNA), inflammation associated with infection and cytokines, and growth factor signaling. CLDN4 helps to maintain the tumor microenvironment by forming TJs and acts as a barrier to the entry of anticancer drugs into tumors. Decreased expression of CLDN4 is a potential marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and decreased epithelial differentiation due to reduced CLDN4 activity is involved in EMT induction. Non-TJ CLDN4 also activates integrin beta 1 and YAP to promote proliferation, EMT, and stemness. These roles in cancer have led to investigations of molecular therapies targeting CLDN4 using anti-CLDN4 extracellular domain antibodies, gene knockdown, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), and C-terminus domain of CPE (C-CPE), which have demonstrated the experimental efficacy of this approach. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Metastasis
Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells migrate from the primary tumour site to colonise the surrounding or distant tissue or organ. Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality and approximately half of all cancer patients present at diagnosis with some form of metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small (19-25 nucleotides) non-coding single-strand RNAs, regulate gene expression and play an important role in cancer development and progression including in the metastatic process. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Autofluorescence in Cancer Management
At this juncture, autofluorescence and narrow-band imaging have resurfaced in the medicine arena in parallel with current technology advancement. The emergence of newly developed optical instrumentation in addition to the discovery of new fluorescence biomolecules have contributed to a refined management of diseases and tumors, especially in the management of upper aerodigestive tract tumors. The advancement in multispectral imaging and micro-endoscopy has also escalated the trends further in the setting of the management of this tumor, in order to gain not only the best treatment outcomes but also facilitate early tumor diagnosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2023
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