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Topic Review
LncRNAs Display Circadian Rhythmicity in Zebrafish Larvae
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play crucial roles in various life processes, including circadian rhythms. Although next generation sequencing technologies have facilitated faster profiling of lncRNAs, the resulting datasets require sophisticated computational analyses. In particular, the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in circadian clocks are far from being completely understood.
  • 743
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain-Containing Protein 6
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6), originally called Neuropathy Target Esterase (NTE), belongs to a family of hydrolases with at least eight members in mammals. PNPLA6/NTE was first identified as a key factor in Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy, a degenerative syndrome that occurs after exposure to organophosphates found in pesticides and nerve agents. More recently, mutations in PNPLA6/NTE have been linked with a number of inherited diseases with diverse clinical symptoms that include spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and chorioretinal dystrophy. A conditional knockout of PNPLA6/NTE in the mouse brain results in age-related neurodegeneration, whereas a complete knockout causes lethality during embryogenesis due to defects in the development of the placenta. PNPLA6/NTE is an evolutionarily conserved protein that in Drosophila is called Swiss-Cheese (SWS). Loss of SWS in the fly also leads to locomotory defects and neuronal degeneration that progressively worsen with age. 
  • 742
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Related Stroke Management
The underlying aetiopathophysiology of cancer-related strokes and thromboembolisms differs from that of noncancer-related strokes, which makes treating cancer-related strokes and thromboembolisms a distinct clinical challenge. This necessitates the development of novel, individualised diagnostic and treatment strategies.
  • 740
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Advances in Spinal Cord Stimulation
Neuromodulation, specifically spinal cord stimulation (SCS), has become a staple of chronic pain management for various conditions including failed back syndrome, chronic regional pain syndrome, refractory radiculopathy, and chronic post operative pain. Since its conceptualization, it has undergone several advances to increase safety and convenience for patients and implanting physicians. 
  • 739
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future
Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus.
  • 738
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antipsychotic Efflux Impairment via Blood-Brain Barrier
Antipsychotic (AP)—induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a current problem of biological and clinical psychiatry. Despite the development of new generations of APs, the problem of AP-induced ADRs has not been solved and continues to be actively studied. One of the important mechanisms for the development of AP-induced ADRs is a genetically-determined impairment of AP efflux across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • 737
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Traumatic Brain Injuries Biomarkers in Sports-Related Context
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 69 million people every year. One of the main limitations in managing TBI patients is the lack of univocal diagnostic criteria, including the absence of standardized assessment methods and guidelines. Immediacy and accuracy in diagnosis and management of TBIs are critically unmet medical needs. Especially in the context of sports-associated TBI, there is a strong need for prognostic indicators to help diagnose and identify at-risk subjects to avoid their returning to play while the brain is still highly vulnerable. Fluid biomarkers may emerge as new prognostic indicators to develop more accurate prediction models, improving risk stratification and clinical decision-making.
  • 736
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pericytes in Epilepsy
Pericytes are a component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular unit, in which they play a crucial role in BBB integrity and are also implicated in neuroinflammation. The association between pericytes, BBB dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of epilepsy has been investigated, and links between epilepsy and pericytes have been identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the role of pericytes in epilepsy. Clinical evidence has shown an accumulation of pericytes with altered morphology in the cerebral vascular territories of patients with intractable epilepsy. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, cause morphological changes in human-derived pericytes, where IL-6 leads to cell damage. 
  • 735
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Device-Aided Therapies in LSPD
Late-stage Parkinson’s disease (LSPD) patients are highly dependent on activities of daily living and require significant medical needs. In LSPD, there is a significant caregiver burden and greater health economic impact compared to earlier PD stages.
  • 735
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Upper Extremity Pain
The evolution of peripheral nerve stimulation from the early ages to the current status has been facilitated by discoveries in neurobehavioral mechanisms of pain, advances in technology and percutaneous lead development, and the availability of high-quality portable ultrasound units. Peripheral nerve stimulation application in managing upper extremity pain of amputated limbs, post-stroke shoulder pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and median, ulnar, and radial neuropathies are discussed. 
  • 735
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Therapies in TBI
Due to a multiplicity of causes provoking traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI is a highly heterogeneous pathology, characterized by high mortality and disability rates. TBI is an acute neurodegenerative event, potentially and unpredictably evolving into sub-chronic and chronic neurodegenerative events, with transient or permanent neurologic, cognitive, and motor deficits, for which no valid standardized therapies are available. A vast body of literature demonstrates that TBI-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the development of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular defenses against this phenomenon are largely dependent on low molecular weight antioxidants, most of which are consumed with diet or as nutraceutical supplements. A large number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidant administration to decrease TBI-associated damage in various animal TBI models and in a limited number of clinical trials. Points of weakness of preclinical studies are represented by the large variability in the TBI model adopted, in the antioxidant tested, in the timing, dosages, and routes of administration used, and in the variety of molecular and/or neurocognitive parameters evaluated. The analysis of the very few clinical studies does not allow strong conclusions to be drawn on the real effectiveness of antioxidant administration to TBI patients. Standardizing TBI models and different experimental conditions, as well as testing the efficacy of administration of a cocktail of antioxidants rather than only one, should be mandatory. According to some promising clinical results, it appears that sports-related concussion is probably the best type of TBI to test benefits of antioxidant administration.
  • 733
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSA is a respiratory disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial (hypopnea) and complete (apnea) obstructions of the upper airway during sleep.
  • 733
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
NLRP3, Insulin, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. Metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may stimulate amyloid β (Aβ) aggregate formation. Activation of the inflammasome complex, particularly NLRP3, has a crucial role in obesity-induced inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2DM. The abnormal activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway influences neuroinflammatory processes. 
  • 732
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Outcomes
There is evidence that the impact of particle pollution on the brain, the portals of entry, the neural damage mechanisms, and ultimately the neurological and psychiatric outcomes statistically associated with exposures. PM pollution comes from natural and anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, engineered nanoparticles (NP ≤ 100 nm), wildfires, and wood burning. We are all constantly exposed during normal daily activities to some level of particle pollution of various sizes—PM2.5 (≤2.5 µm), ultrafine PM (UFP ≤ 100 nm), or NPs. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption are key portals of entry. 
  • 731
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prion Protein Gene
Inherited mutations in the Prion protein (PrP), encoded by the PRNP gene, have been associated with autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders, such as Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Notably, PRNP mutations have also been described in clinical pictures resembling other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia.
  • 728
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classifications and Treatments for Gliomas
Gliomas pose a significant challenge to neurosurgical oncology because of their diverse histopathological features, genetic heterogeneity, and clinical manifestations. Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular pathways of glioma, translating this knowledge into effective long-term solutions remains a challenge. 
  • 727
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Architecture of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease
Psychosis in Parkinson’s disease (PDP) represents a common and debilitating condition that complicates Parkinson’s disease (PD), mainly in the later stages. The spectrum of psychotic symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from minor phenomena of mild illusions, passage hallucinations and sense of presence to severe psychosis consisting of visual hallucinations (and rarely, auditory and tactile or gustatory) and paranoid delusions. PDP is associated with increased caregiver stress, poorer quality of life for patients and carers, reduced survival and risk of institutionalization with a significant burden on the healthcare system. The pathophysiology of psychosis in PD is complex and still insufficiently clarified. 
  • 724
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Posterior Fossa Lesions
Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), a minimally invasive stereotactic treatment option, is emerging as a viable treatment option for deep-seated primary and metastatic brain lesions due to the use of real-time magnetic resonance thermography. LITT has been used with good outcomes for a variety of brain lesions. The use of LITT for the treatment of posterior fossa lesions continues to show promise. LITT is a feasible method for the treatment of deep-seated lesions of the posterior fossa.
  • 723
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of GWAS on Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified
  • 720
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ErbB Receptors
The activation of members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family (including ErbB) triggers pathways that have significant effects on cellular processes and have profound consequences both in physiological and pathological conditions. Within the nervous system, the neuregulin (NRG)/ErbB3 signaling plays a crucial role in promoting the formation and maturation of excitatory synapses. Noteworthy is ErbB3, which is actively involved in the process of cerebellar lamination and myelination. All members of the ErbB-family, in particular ErbB3, have been observed within the nuclei of various cell types, including both full-length receptors and alternative variants. 
  • 720
  • 03 Nov 2023
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