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Topic Review
Low-Toxicity Perovskite Applications
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with earth-abundant carbon as an effective replacer for unstable hole transporting materials and expensive electrodes is a recently proposed structure promising better air and moisture stability.
  • 919
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Combined Heat and Power-Based Microgrids
The microgrid has emerged to reduce centralized generation problems and make structural changes to power systems. Parallel operation of distributed generation (DG) units, combined heat and power (CHP) units, and energy storage in the microgrids reduces environmental pollution, operation costs, and increases the reliability of energy systems. 
  • 919
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Flexible Planar Monopole Antenna
Flexible antennas consist of a dielectric material (which works as the substrate) and a conductive material (which can be used as a radiating element and/or ground plane).
  • 917
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Silicon and Silicon Carbide Recrystallization by Laser Annealing
Modifying material properties within a specific spatial region is a pivotal stage in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. Laser annealing emerges as a compelling technology, offering precise control over the crystalline structure of semiconductor materials and facilitating the activation of doping ions in localized regions. This obviates the necessity for annealing the entire wafer or device. 
  • 915
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Circuitry
Plasmonics is the study of plasmons, quasiparticles of plasma oscillation in solids such as metals, semi-metals, metal oxides, nitrides, doped semiconductors, etc. An effort is currently being made to implement plasmons in electric circuits, or in an electric circuit analog, to combine the size efficiency of electronics with the data capacity of photonic integrated circuits. Plasmonics can be understood as "light-on-metal-dielectric-interfaces," where electrons oscillate at the surface of a metal due to strong resonant interactions with the electric field of incident light. Due to the high scattering rate of electrons, ohmic losses in plasmonic signals are generally large, which limits the signal transfer distances to the sub-centimeter range, unless hybrid optoplasmonic light guiding networks, or plasmon gain amplification are used. Both surface plasmon polaritons propagating along the metal-dielectric interfaces and localized surface plasmon modes supported by metal nanoparticles are characterized by large momentum values, which enable strong resonant enhancement of the local density of photon states, and can be utilized to enhance weak optical effects of opto-electronic devices.
  • 912
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microelectrodes in the Electrophysiological Neural Probes
Electrophysiological neural probes already have mature tools at different scales; patch clamps, which can record electrical activities at a single-cell scale, are the best tool for studying ion channel activity. With the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, high-density Si-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have successfully realized the recording of high-throughput and high time resolution of brain electrical signals.
  • 909
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Energy Management Systems in Microgrids
Microgrids usually employ distributed energy resources such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic modules, etc. When multiple distributed generation resources with different features are used in microgrids, managing these resources becomes an important problem. The generated power of solar photovoltaic modules and wind turbines used in microgrids is constantly changing with solar irradiation and wind speed. Due to this impermanent and uncertain nature of renewable energy resources, generally, energy storage systems are employed in microgrid systems. To control the distributed energy resources and energy storage units and sustain the supply and demand balance within the microgrid and provide sustainable and reliable energy to the loads, energy management systems are used. Many methods are used to realize and optimize energy management in microgrids. 
  • 907
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Using Photonics to Detect COVID-19-Virus
Photonics techniques are the science of energy generating, detecting, and transmitting information using light, applying it in every part of life, from microscopy to optical communications. Likewise, it includes cutting-edge applications of lasers, optics, fiber optics, and electro-optical systems in a wide variety of areas of technology, including engineering, healthcare, telecommunications, environmental control, national security, aerospace, and solid-state illumination. As a result, this technique has opened up new challenges in different fields.
  • 906
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sensing Capabilities of Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric materials are widely employed in precision motion due to their distinctive advantages such as quick response, high displacement resolution, high stiffness, high actuating force, and little heat generation.
  • 905
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Power Grid Infrastructural Resilience against Extreme Events
Extreme weather events are one of the main causes of large-scale power outages in distribution systems. The changing climate has led to an increase in the frequency and severity of these events, which, if not mitigated, are expected to lead to more instances of widespread outages and the severe societal and economic damages that ensue. Protecting the power grid against such events, which are high impact yet low frequency, requires a paradigm shift in grid design practices.
  • 905
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning
High-precision positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has garnered increased interest due to growing demand in various applications, like autonomous car navigation and precision agriculture. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) offers a distinct advantage over differential techniques by enabling precise position determination of a GNSS rover receiver through the use of external corrections sourced from either the Internet or dedicated correction satellites. However, PPP’s implementation has been challenging due to the need to mitigate numerous GNSS error sources, many of which are eliminated in differential techniques such as Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) or overlooked in Standard Point Positioning (SPP).
  • 905
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance
Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance (MR) is a promising technique for the noninvasive assessment of the regional cardiac metabolism since it permits heart physiology studies in pig and mouse models. 
  • 904
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pig Movement Estimation
Pig husbandry constitutes a significant segment within the broader framework of livestock farming, with porcine well-being emerging as a paramount concern due to its direct implications on pig breeding and production. An easily observable proxy for assessing the health of pigs lies in their daily patterns of movement. The daily movement patterns of pigs can be used as an indicator of their health, in which more active pigs are usually healthier than those who are not active, providing farmers with knowledge of identifying pigs’ health state before they become sick or their condition becomes life-threatening. However, the conventional means of estimating pig mobility largely rely on manual observations by farmers, which is impractical in the context of contemporary centralized and extensive pig farming operations. In response to these challenges, multi-object tracking and pig behavior methods are adopted to monitor pig health and welfare closely.
  • 904
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Classical Gas Identification Algorithms for Gas Sensor Array
Electronic noses have been applied in various fields, such as food quality, environmental assessment, coal mine risk prediction, and disease diagnosis. Algorithms can be useful to enhance the performance of the electronic noses, such as correcting drift and predict the exact concentration of each gas in mixtures.
  • 903
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
A Light-Electric-Vehicle Batteries Maintenance Tool
This work proposes an open-hardware low-cost battery maintenance tool architecture that can be used with common laboratory instruments. The tool is based on a relay matrix and a battery monitor integrated circuit. It is able to completely characterize and optimize the state of a battery independently of the battery management system and also gives a figure of the individual aging of the battery cells. The work shows the architecture and the experimental validation of a 16-cells battery maintenance tool prototype. The results demonstrate that utilizing the tool brings the battery to the best possible state and identifies the degradation of the cells in terms of capacity and resistance.
  • 902
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Risks of Electric Vehicle Integration into Smart Cities
The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart cities presents a promising opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing urban sustainability. However, there are significant risks and challenges associated with the integration of EVs into smart cities, which must be carefully considered.
  • 902
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Community Connected Microgrids
Renewable energy systems in the form of community microgrids, and grid-connected solar PV-storage are considered primary solutions for powering residential developments. The primary objectives for commissioning such systems include significant electricity cost reductions and carbon emissions abatement. Despite the proliferation of renewables, the uptake of solar and battery storage systems in communities and multi-residential buildings are less researched in the literature, and many uncertainties remain in terms of providing an optimal solution.
  • 899
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Internet of Things-Based Control of Induction Machines
The Internet of Things (IoT) is introduced in systems with electrical machines, such as in electric drive systems, wind energy generating systems, and small and special machines, to remote monitor and control the operation for data acquisition and analysis. These systems can integrate with the equipment and retrofit the existing installations. At the end of the control loops there are always motors, or actuators, of big or small ratings, of rotating or linear movements, electrical or nonelectrical, which must produce the motion. With the IoT-based control of induction machine systems operators can remotely monitor parameters and obtain accurate real-time feedback during fast changing duty cycle operation. Thus, IoT creates multipurpose instruments in the remote control of induction machines. 
  • 898
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Multiport Single Element Mimo Antenna Systems
In response to the increasing demand for voice, data, and multimedia applications, the next generation of wireless communication systems is projected to provide faster data rates and better service quality to customers. Techniques such as Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output (MIMO) and diversity are being studied and implemented to meet the needs of next-generation wireless communication systems. Embedding multiple antennas into the same antenna system is seen as a promising solution, which can improve both the system’s channel capacity and the communication link’s quality. For small handheld and portable devices, embedding many antennas into a single device in a small area and at the same time providing good isolation becomes a challenge.
  • 897
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
DC Ultra-Fast Charging Station
The battery charging procedure has different definitions and requirements. One of the most important definitions is the battery C rating. The battery capacity is usually rated at 1C (1C current). A 400 V battery with 100 kWh capacity can be charged or discharged with 250 A within one hour. This means that with the use of 1 kA of current, the battery can be recharged in 15 min. Therefore, an increase in C rating yields a faster charging or discharging time. However, C rate increase has technically some limitations, including increases in internal energy losses, battery thermal tolerance, and reducing battery’s life-cycle. The 6C rate of charging is considered as an ultra-fast charging method according to the US Department of Energy (DOE). As a result, a trade-off exists between ultra-fast charging and battery health. Different possible configurations of DC ultra-fast charging stations are AC-coupled, DC-coupled, and hybrid-coupled. 
  • 896
  • 28 Oct 2022
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