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Topic Review
Non Linear Current-Voltage Characteristics
The current-voltage (IV) curve of a solar photovoltaic (PV) array provides valuable insights into its behavior under varying conditions, including partial shading. Under normal, unshaded conditions, the IV curve depicts a characteristic shape where the current increases linearly with voltage until it reaches a peak known as the maximum power point (MPP). 
  • 479
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Irreversible Electroporation in Oncology
Locoregional therapies play an ever-increasing role in contemporary oncology. Researchers provide an up-to-date, informed analysis of locoregional therapies harnessing electric pulses. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), gene electrotransfer (GET), electrochemotherapy (ECT), calcium electroporation (Ca-EP), and tumour-treating fields (TTF) are integral to the therapeutic strategy in several solid tumours, ranging from skin cancers to visceral and bone metastases.
  • 479
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Distance Estimation Approach for Maritime Traffic Surveillance
Maritime traffic monitoring systems are particularly important in Mediterranean ports, as they provide more comprehensive data collection compared to traditional systems such as the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which is not mandatory for all vessels.
  • 478
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neural Networks for Predicting Industrial Paper Press Condition
Forecasting has extreme importance in industry due to the numerous competitive advantages that it provides, allowing to foresee what might happen and adjust management decisions accordingly. Industries increasingly use sensors, which allow for large-scale data collection. Big datasets enable training, testing and application of complex predictive algorithms based on machine learning models.
  • 474
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Parking System Based on Edge-Cloud-Dew Computing Architecture
In a smart parking system, the license plate recognition service controls the car’s entry and exit and plays the core role in the parking lot system. When the Internet is interrupted, the parking lot’s business will also be interrupted. Hence, an Edge-Cloud-Dew architecture for the mobile industry was proposed in order to tackle this critical problem. The architecture has an innovative design, including LAN-level deployment, Platform-as-a-Dew Service (PaaDS), the dew version of license plate recognition, and the dew type of machine learning model training. Based on these designs, the architecture presents many benefits, such as: (1) reduced maintenance and deployment issues and increased dew service reliability and sustainability; (2) effective release of the network constraint on cloud computing and increase in the horizontal and vertical scalability of the system; (3) enhancement of dew computing to resolve the heavy computing process problem; and (4) proposal of a dew type of machine learning training mechanism without requiring periodic retraining, but with acceptable accuracy. 
  • 474
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Smart Machine Health Prediction Based on Machine Learning
In an industrial setting, consistent production and machine maintenance might help any company become successful. Machine health checking is a method of observing the status of a machine to predict mechanical mileage and predict the machine’s disappointment. The most often utilized traditional approaches are reactive and preventive maintenance. These approaches are unreliable and wasteful in terms of time and resource utilization. The use of system health management in conjunction with a predictive maintenance strategy allows for the scheduling of maintenance times in such a way that device malfunction is avoided, and thus the repercussions are avoided. IoT can help monitor equipment health and provide the best outcomes, especially in an industrial setting.
  • 474
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gallium Nitride Power Devices
Gallium nitride (GaN) possesses remarkable characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high critical electric field, robust antiradiation properties, and a high saturation velocity for high-power devices. These attributes position GaN as a pivotal material for the development of power devices.
  • 472
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nonvolatile Memory-Based Spiking Neural Network Architectures
A sustainable computing scenario demands more energy-efficient processors. Neuromorphic systems mimic biological functions by employing spiking neural networks for achieving brain-like efficiency, speed, adaptability, and intelligence. Current trends in neuromorphic technologies address the challenges of investigating novel materials, systems, and architectures for enabling high-integration and extreme low-power brain-inspired computing. 
  • 472
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Internet of Things-Based Control of Induction Machines
The Internet of Things (IoT) is introduced in systems with electrical machines, such as in electric drive systems, wind energy generating systems, and small and special machines, to remote monitor and control the operation for data acquisition and analysis. These systems can integrate with the equipment and retrofit the existing installations. At the end of the control loops there are always motors, or actuators, of big or small ratings, of rotating or linear movements, electrical or nonelectrical, which must produce the motion. With the IoT-based control of induction machine systems operators can remotely monitor parameters and obtain accurate real-time feedback during fast changing duty cycle operation. Thus, IoT creates multipurpose instruments in the remote control of induction machines. 
  • 472
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sensing Capabilities of Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric materials are widely employed in precision motion due to their distinctive advantages such as quick response, high displacement resolution, high stiffness, high actuating force, and little heat generation.
  • 471
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Unisys ICON
The ICON was a computer built specifically for use in schools, to fill a standard created by the Ontario Ministry of Education. It was based on the Intel 80186 CPU and ran an early version of QNX, a Unix-like operating system. The system was packaged as an all-in-one machine similar to the Commodore PET, and included a trackball for mouse-like control. Over time a number of GUI-like systems appeared for the platform, based on the system's NAPLPS-based graphics system. The ICON was widely used, mostly in high schools in the mid to late 1980s, but disappeared after that time with the widespread introduction of PCs and Apple Macintoshes. They were also known as the CEMCorp ICON, Burroughs ICON, and finally Unisys ICON when Burroughs and Sperry Corporation merged to form Unisys in 1986. The machine was also nicknamed the bionic beaver.
  • 470
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Integrated Optics: Platforms and Fabrication Methods
Integrated optics is a field of study and technology that focuses on the design, fabrication, and application of optical devices and systems using integrated circuit technology. It involves the integration of various optical components, such as waveguides, couplers, modulators, detectors, and lasers, into a single substrate. One of the key advantages of integrated optics is its compatibility with electronic integrated circuits. This compatibility enables seamless integration of optical and electronic functionalities onto the same chip, allowing efficient data transfer between optical and electronic domains. This synergy is crucial for applications such as optical interconnects in high-speed communication systems, optical sensing interfaces, and optoelectronic integrated circuits. This entry presents a brief study on some of the widely used and commercially available optical platforms and fabrication methods that can be used to create photonic integrated circuits.
  • 470
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
P4UIoT: Pay-Per-Piece Patch Update Delivery for IoT Using Gradual Release
P4UIoT—pay-per-piece patch update delivery for IoT using gradual release—introduces a distributed framework for delivering patch updates to IoT devices. The framework facilitates distribution via peer-to-peer delivery networks and incentivizes the distribution operation. The peer-to-peer delivery network reduces load by delegating the patch distribution to the nodes of the network, thereby protecting against a single point of failure and reducing costs. Distributed file-sharing solutions currently available in the literature are limited to sharing popular files among peers. In contrast, the proposed protocol incentivizes peers to distribute patch updates, which might be relevant only to IoT devices, using a blockchain-based lightning network. A manufacturer/owner named vendor of the IoT device commits a bid on the blockchain, which can be publicly verified by the members of the network. The nodes, called distributors, interested in delivering the patch update, compete among each other to exchange a piece of patch update with cryptocurrency payment. The pay-per-piece payments protocol addresses the problem of misbehavior between IoT devices and distributors as either of them may try to take advantage of the other. The pay-per-piece protocol is a form of a gradual release of a commodity like a patch update, where the commodity can be divided into small pieces and exchanged between the sender and the receiver building trust at each step as the transactions progress into rounds. The permissionless nature of the framework enables the proposal to scale as it incentivizes the participation of individual distributors. Thus, compared to the previous solutions, the proposed framework can scale better without any overhead and with reduced costs. A combination of the Bitcoin lightning network for cryptocurrency incentives with the BitTorrent delivery network is used to present a prototype of the proposed framework. Finally, a financial and scalability evaluation of the proposed framework is presented.
  • 470
  • 31 May 2020
Topic Review
Primer of Plasma Agriculture
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a tunable source of reactive species and other physical factors. It exerts luxuriant biological effects on plant seeds. To date, NTP has shown promising application in modern agriculture.
  • 469
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Voltage-Source-Converter-Based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System
Long-distance offshore wind power transmission systems utilize multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) connections based on voltage source converters (VSCs). In addition to having the potential to work around restrictions, the VSC-based MT-HVDC transmission system has significant technical and economic merits over the HVAC transmission system. Offshore wind farms (OWFs) will inevitably grow because of their outstanding resistance to climate change and ability to provide sustainable energy without producing hazardous waste. Due to stronger and more persistent sea winds, the OWF often has a higher generation capacity with less negative climate effects. The majority of modern installations are distant from the shore and produce more power than the early OWF sites, which are situated close to the shore. 
  • 467
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Internet of Things Applications
Devices like the Internet of Things (IoT) have a significant presence in our daily lives owing to the technological revolution, wireless devices, and communication systems. IoT has become a vital part of the digital era of Industry 4.0. The ability to bring physical things into the digital world is becoming more likely because of technology. Applications of IoT can be utilized in various ways to assist systems and businesses in simplifying, improving, automating, and controlling processes. IoT can also be used for delivering important data, activity performance, or even environmental factors that have to be monitored continuously and remotely. IoT applications can therefore help with the creation of new systems and business strategies, as well as provide businesses with the instant data they need to create products and services.
  • 466
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of the Smart Grid Served by 6G
A well-functioning smart grid is an essential part of an efficient and uninterrupted power supply for the key enablers of smart cities. To effectively manage the operations of a smart grid, there is an essential requirement for a seamless wireless communication system that provides high data rates, reliability, flexibility, massive connectivity, low latency, security, and adaptability to changing needs.
  • 466
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Design Technologies of HSPMM and Drive Systems
The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), first introduced by German scholars, has brought increasing opportunities and challenges to manufacturing, energy, construction and other industries, which refers to the use of the cyber-physical system (CPS) to digitize and make intelligent the manufacturing and business information in supply chains, and finally achieve rapid, effective and personalized industrial system architectures. The design fundamentals and technologies of HSPMM drive systems are reviewed. 
  • 465
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Grid Control Systems
The development of control techniques in smart grids has its origins mainly in the need to mitigate network failures and changes in power quality. The foregoing is due to economic concerns and the environmental impacts of energy issues in terms of sustainable development. Smart Grids have also contributed to the development and integration of renewable energies into the distributed system since this type of generation source presents intermittent output. These intermittency characteristics of renewable sources and the stochastic behavior of demand make these networks complex systems with types of non-linear control that must be robustly modeled, analyzed, tested, and implemented when considering their operation, safety, reliability, and maintenance.
  • 465
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Enabling Technologies for Power System Stability Enhancement
The growing attention to environmental issues is leading to an increasing integration of renewable energy sources into electrical grids. This integration process could contribute to power system decarbonization, supporting the diversification of primary energy sources and enhancing the security of energy supply, which is threatened by the uncertain costs of conventional energy sources. Despite these environmental and economical benefits, many technological and regulatory problems should be fixed in order to significantly increase the level of penetration of renewable power generators, which are connected to power transmission and distribution systems via power electronic interfaces. Indeed, these converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) perturb grid operation, especially those fueled by non-programmable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar generators), affecting the system stability and making power systems more vulnerable to dynamic perturbations. To face these issues, the conventional operating procedures based on pre-defined system conditions, which are currently adopted in power system operation tools, should be enhanced in order to allow the “online” solution of complex decision-making problems, providing power system operators with the necessary measures and alerts to promptly adjust the system. A comprehensive analysis of the most promising research directions and the main enabling technologies for addressing this complex issue is presented here.
  • 464
  • 09 Nov 2022
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