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Topic Review
Ingestive Behaviors
Ingestive behaviors encompass all eating and drinking behaviors. These actions are influenced by physiological regulatory mechanisms; these mechanisms exist to control and establish homeostasis within the human body. Disruptions in these ingestive regulatory mechanisms can result in eating disorders such as obesity, anorexia, and bulimia. Research has confirmed that physiological mechanisms play an important role in homeostasis; however, human food intake must also be evaluated within the context of non-physiological determinants present in human life. Within laboratory environments, hunger and satiety are factors that can be controlled and tested. Outside of experiments though, social constraints may influence the size and number of daily meals.
  • 838
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Potential of Exerkines in Women’s COVID-19
Exerkines are a group of promising molecules that may underlie the beneficial effects of physical exercise in diseases. The idea of exerkines is to understand the effects of physical exercise on diseases better. Exerkines have a high potential for the treatment of diseases and, considering that, there is still no study of the importance of exerkines on the most dangerous disease in the world in recent years, COVID-19.
  • 838
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Cholesterol-Related Genes in Dyslipidemia
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a combination of at least three metabolic abnormalities, which include increased abdominal circumference, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides (TG) and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Dyslipidemia is the major constituent of MetS, characterized by raised free fatty acids (FFAs), TG, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels, but low HDL cholesterol level. Insulin resistance, which is associated with increased fasting blood glucose, increases the visceral adipocyte’s sensitivity toward lipolytic hormones. These conditions result in a flux of FFA to the liver, further stimulating hepatic TG synthesis and subsequently promotes ApoB formation. Meanwhile, for the formation of LDL, an important parameter in dyslipidemia is mediated by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in muscles and adipose tissues. These processes might indicate the interaction of various cell structures in the development of MetS and could influence each of the MetS features in multiple ways.
  • 838
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Treatments for PTSD
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can develop in certain individuals after exposure to traumatic events, such as combat and sexual assault. PTSD is commonly treated with various types of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.
  • 837
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Health Effects of Resorcylic Acid Lactones
Zearalenol and zearalenone are two resorcylic acid lactones known for their potent estrogenic effects. They are considered as toxic compounds from the mycotoxin category and are mainly produced by Fusarium fungi. Their estrogenic action made them either beneficial or toxic according to the physiological situation they are tested in. Here are reported the exposure recorded in humans as well as their blood levels. Then, beneficial and adverse effects observed in vivo essentially in animal models are analysed.
  • 837
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Muscular Dystrophies
Muscular Dystrophies (MDs) are a group of rare inherited genetic muscular pathologies encompassing a variety of clinical phenotypes, gene mutations and mechanisms of disease. MDs undergo progressive skeletal muscle degeneration causing severe health problems that lead to poor life quality, disability and premature death. There are no available therapies to counteract the causes of these diseases and conventional treatments are administered only to mitigate symptoms. Recent understanding on the pathogenetic mechanisms allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on gene therapy, genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 and drug repurposing approaches. Despite the therapeutic potential of these treatments, once the actives are administered, their instability, susceptibility to degradation and toxicity limit their applications. 
  • 836
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Endometrial Perivascular Progenitor Cells, Uterus
Ovarian steroid-regulated cyclical regeneration of the endometrium is crucial for endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, and it is dependent on the dynamic remodeling of the endometrial vasculature. Perivascular cells, including pericytes surrounding capillaries and microvessels and adventitial cells located in the outermost layer of large vessels, show properties of mesenchymal stem cells, and they are thus promising candidates for uterine regeneration.
  • 834
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bisphenol-A in Diabetes and Obesity
Bisphenol A is a compound commonly found in products meant for daily use. It was one of the first compounds to be identified as an endocrine disruptor that was capable of disrupting the endocrine system and producing very similar effects to those of metabolic syndrome. It has recently gained popularity in the scientific arena as a risk factor for obesity and diabetes due to its ability to imitate natural oestrogens and bind to their receptors.
  • 833
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
GIS and Public Health
Geographic information systems (GISs) and geographic information science (GIScience) combine computer-mapping capabilities with additional database management and data analysis tools. Commercial GIS systems are very powerful and have touched many applications and industries, including environmental science, urban planning, agricultural applications, and others. Public health is another focus area that has made increasing use of GIS techniques. A strict definition of public health is difficult to pin down, as it is used in different ways by different groups. In general, public health differs from personal health in that it is (1) focused on the health of populations rather than of individuals, (2) focused more on prevention than on treatment, and (3) operates in a mainly governmental (rather than private) context. These efforts fall naturally within the domain of problems requiring use of spatial analysis as part of the solution, and GIS and other spatial analysis tools are therefore recognized as providing potentially transformational capabilities for public health efforts. This article presents some history of use of geographic information and geographic information systems in public health application areas, provides some examples showing the utilization of GIS techniques in solving specific public health problems, and finally addresses several potential issues arising from increased use of these GIS techniques in the public health arena.
  • 832
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Syndemic
A syndemic or synergistic epidemic is the aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease. The term was developed by Merrill Singer in the mid-1990s. Syndemics develop under health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence and are studied by epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with public health, community health and the effects of social conditions on health. The syndemic approach departs from the biomedical approach to diseases to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as distinct entities separate from other diseases and independent of social contexts.
  • 830
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metformin for Psoriasis Treatment
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition with genetic, immunological, and metabolic etiology. The link between psoriasis and diabetes mellitus has been shown in genetic predisposition, environmental influences, inflammatory pathways, and insulin resistance, resulting in end-organ damage in both conditions. Because comorbidities often accompany psoriasis, the therapeutic management of the disease must also take into consideration the comorbidities.
  • 827
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid Nano in Drug Delivery
Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including apparently unrelated conditions such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, and tumors, but the use of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs to treat these diseases is generally not very effective given their adverse effects. In addition, some alternative anti-inflammatory medications, such as many natural compounds, have scarce solubility and stability, which are associated with low bioavailability.
  • 827
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Social Communication Disorder
Social communication disorder (SCD) — previously called semantic-pragmatic disorder (SPD) or Pragmatic language impairment (PLI) — is a disorder in understanding pragmatic aspects of language. People with SCD have special challenges with the semantic aspect of language (the meaning of what is being said) and the pragmatics of language (using language appropriately in social situations). Social communication disorder has been formally recognized as a diagnosis since the DSM-5 was released in 2013.
  • 826
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis D is a state of vitamin D toxicity. The normal range for blood concentration is 30.0 to 74.0 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL).
  • 822
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Laparoscopic Surgery in COVID-19 Era
Chemicals, carcinogens and biologically active materials, such as bacteria and viruses, have been isolated in surgical smoke. However, the only evidence of viral transmission through surgical smoke to medical staff is post-laser ablation of HPV-positive genital warts. The reports of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery revealed the presence of the virus, when tested, in digestive wall and stools in 50% of cases but not in bile or peritoneal fluid. All surgeries did not result in contamination of the personnel, when protective measures were applied, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and filtration of the pneumoperitoneum. There are no comparative studies between classical and laparoscopic surgery. 
  • 821
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Occupational Mercury Neurotoxicity
Elemental (metallic) mercury is an industrial product whose neurotoxicological properties have been known for hundreds of years. Not all workers exposed to this metal develop neurotological damage and this testifies the importance of genetic factors, i.e. polymorphisms.
  • 821
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Timeline of Polio
This is a timeline of polio, describing major events, such as vaccine releases, historic epidemics, and major organizations.
  • 821
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Commonalities of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases.
  • 820
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms and COVID-19
A COVID Stress Syndrome, which is mainly characterized as being anxious and frightened to be contaminated, has been introduced. Despite the fact that contamination fear is a type of OCD symptom, there is minor focus on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the life prevalence of which is approximately 2% of the population. Patients’ vulnerability may be strengthened during COVID-19; exacerbation of OCD symptoms, especially contamination fear, has been reported following previous epidemic disease outbreaks such as SARS-CoV, partly since both diseases arouse a fear of infection, which is a trigger of contamination fear, and requires a thorough hand-washing. 
  • 815
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is a form of adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients who have blood corticosteroid levels which are inadequate for the severe stress response they experience. Combined with decreased glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and tissue response to corticosteroids, this adrenal insufficiency constitutes a negative prognostic factor for intensive care patients. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control adrenal secretions, undergoes profound changes during critical illness. Both very high and very low levels of cortisol have been linked to a poor outcome in intensive care patients. It has been suggested that high levels could represent severe stress, whereas low levels are due to blunted cortisol production and response. CIRCI can be suspected in patients with low blood pressure despite resuscitation with intravenous fluids and vasopressor drugs. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines advocate intravenous hydrocortisone only in adults with septic shock and refractory hypotension. The exact definition of this condition, the best ways to test for corticoid insufficiency in critically ill patients, and the therapeutic use of (usually low doses) of corticosteroids remains a subject of debate.
  • 815
  • 27 Oct 2022
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