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HandWiki. Syndemic. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29410 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Syndemic. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29410. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Syndemic" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29410 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 14). Syndemic. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29410
HandWiki. "Syndemic." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 October, 2022.
Syndemic
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Syndemic

A syndemic or synergistic epidemic is the aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease. The term was developed by Merrill Singer in the mid-1990s. Syndemics develop under health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence and are studied by epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with public health, community health and the effects of social conditions on health. The syndemic approach departs from the biomedical approach to diseases to diagnostically isolate, study, and treat diseases as distinct entities separate from other diseases and independent of social contexts.

community health structural violence social conditions

References

  1. Merrill, S. (2009) Introducing Syndemics: A Critical Systems Approach to Public and Community Health Wiley pp.304. http://www.josseybass.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470472030,descCd-tableOfContents.html
  2. Alexander C Tsai, Emily Mendenhall, James A Trostle, Ichiro Kawac (4 March 2017). "Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health". Lancet 389 (10072): 978–982. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30403-8. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30403-8/fulltext?elsca1=etoc. 
  3. Diedrich, CR. (2011) HIV-1/Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection Immunology: How Does HIV-1 Exacerbate Tuberculosis? Infection and Immunity. April 2011 vol. 79 no. 4 1407-1417 http://iai.asm.org/content/79/4/1407.full
  4. Cain K.; Kanara N.; Laserson K.; Vannarith C.; Sameourn K.; Samnang K.; Qualls M.; Varma J. (2007). "The Epidemiology of HIV-associated Tuberculosis in Rural Cambodia". International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 11 (9): 1008–1013. 
  5. Cain, Kevin, Anekthananon, Thanomsak, Burapat, Channawong, Akksilp, Somsak, Mankhatitham, Wiroj, Srinak, Chawin, Nateniyom, Sriprapa, Sattayawuthipong, Wanchai, Tasaneeyapan, Theerawit, and Varma, Jay 2009 Causes of Death in HIV-infected Persons Who Have Tuberculosis, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(2). Available from https://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/2/258.htm
  6. McCullers Jonathon (2006). "Insights into the Interaction between Influenza Virus and Pneumococcus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (3): 571–582. doi:10.1128/cmr.00058-05.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2Fcmr.00058-05
  7. "Substance Abuse, Violence, and HIV in Women: A Literature Review of the Syndemic". Journal of Women's Health 20· (7): 991–1006. June 2011. doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2328. PMC 3130513. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51214609_Substance_Abuse_Violence_and_HIV_in_Women_A_Literature_Review_of_the_Syndemic. 
  8. Feingold Abraham (2009). "SAVA Latina: Addressing the Interplay of Substance Abuse, Violence, & AIDS Affecting Hispanic Women (Part 1)". Mental Health AIDS 10 (3): 4–8. 
  9. Illangasekare S.; Burke J.; Chander G.; Gielen A. (2013). "The Syndemic Effects of Intimate Partner Violence, HIV/AIDS, and Substance Abuse on Depression among Low-Income Urban Women". Journal of Urban Health 90 (5): 934–947. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9797-8.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3795184
  10. Yuwen Weicho (2012). "In Response to the Published Article "A Syndemic Model of Substance Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence, HIV Infection, and Mental Health among Hispanics"". Public Health Nursing 29 (5): 388–389. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2012.01028.x.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1446.2012.01028.x
  11. Senn Theresa; Carey Michael; Vanable Peter (2010). "The Intersection of Violence, Substance Use, Depression, and STDs: Testing of a Syndemic Pattern Among Patients Attending an Urban STD Clinic". Journal of the National Medical Association 102 (7): 614–620. 
  12. Merrill Singer,Development, coinfection, and the syndemics of pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2013; 2:26 doi:10.1186/2049-9957-2-26 https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-9957-2-26
  13. Bocchi EA, Arias A, Verdejo H, Diez M, Gómez E, Castro P (Sep 2013). "The reality of heart failure in Latin America". J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (11): 949–58. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.013. PMID 23850910.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2013.06.013
  14. Atkinson T.P. (2013). "Is Asthma an Infectious Disease? New Evidence". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 13: 702–709. doi:10.1007/s11882-013-0390-8.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11882-013-0390-8
  15. Freudenberg N.; Fahs M.; Galea S.; Greenberg A. (2006). "The impact of New York City's 1975 fiscal crisis on the tuberculosis, HIV, and homicide syndemic". American Journal of Public Health 96 (3): 424–434. doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.063511. PMID 16449588.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1470515
  16. Candib Lucy (2007). "Obesity and Diabetes in Vulnerable Populations: Reflection on Proximal and Distal Causes". Annals of Family Medicine 5: 547–556. doi:10.1370/afm.754.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1370%2Fafm.754
  17. Everett, Margaret 2009 Diabetes Among Oaxaca’s Transnational Indigenous Population: An Emerging Syndemic. Presented at the 2009 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil June 11–14, 2009. Available online at: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2009/files/EverettMargaret.pdf.
  18. Everett Margaret; Wieland Josef (2013). "Diabetes Among Oaxaca's Transnational Population: An Emerging Syndemic". Annals of Anthropological Practice 36 (2): 293–309. doi:10.1111/napa.12005.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fnapa.12005
  19. Eisenberg M.; Blank M. (2014). "The Syndemic of the Triply Diagnosed: HIV Positives with Mental Illness and Substance Abuse or Dependence". Clinical Research in HIV/AIDS 1 (1): 1006. 
  20. Abu-Raddad Laith; Patnaik P.; Kublin J (2006). "Dual Infection with HIV and Malaria Fuels the Spread of Both Diseases in sub-Saharan Africa". Science 314: 1603–1606. doi:10.1126/science.1132338. PMID 17158329.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1132338
  21. Herring D. Ann; Sattenspiel Lisa (2007). "Social Contexts, Syndemics, and Infectious Disease in Northern Aboriginal Populations". American Journal of Human Biology 19: 190–202. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20618.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.20618
  22. Lauer Jeremy; Röhrich Klaus; Wirth Harald; Charette Claude; Gribble Steve; Murray Christopher (2003). "PopMod: a longitudinal population model with two interacting disease states". Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 1: 6. PMID 12773215.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156025
  23. Tsai, Alexander C.; Burns, Bridget F. O. (2015-08-01). "Syndemics of psychosocial problems and HIV risk: A systematic review of empirical tests of the disease interaction concept". Social Science & Medicine 139: 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.024. PMID 26150065. PMC 4519429. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615300034. 
  24. Tsai, Alexander C.; Venkataramani, Atheendar S. (2015-12-12). "Syndemics and Health Disparities: A Methodological Note". AIDS and Behavior: 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1260-2. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 4755906. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10461-015-1260-2. 
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