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Topic Review
Blockchain
This entry provides an overview of the application of blockchain technologies for enabling traceability in the agri-food domain. It presents relevant definitions and the various types of blockchain solutions used in "farm to fork" traceability, including public vs private blockchain networks, consensus protocols and smart contracts.
  • 4.2K
  • 10 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Olive orchards under climate change
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an ancient traditional crop in the Mediterranean Basin. In the Mediterranean region, traditional olive orchards are distinguishable by their prevailing climatic conditions. Olive trees are indeed considered one of the most suitable and best-adapted species to the Mediterranean-type climate. However, new challenges are predicted to arise from climate change, threatening this traditional crop. The Mediterranean Basin is considered a climate change “hotspot,” as future projections hint at considerable warming and drying trends. Changes in olive tree suitability have already been reported over the last few decades. In this context, climate change may become particularly challenging for olive growers.
  • 4.2K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Ultra-processed Foods
Ultra-processed foods were first defined by Dr. Carlos Monteiro in 2009 through the NOVA classification. Briefly, they are characterized in their formulation by the addition of cosmetic ingredients and/or additives for mainly industrial use - and having undergone an excessive processing  - to imitate, exacerbate, mask or restore sensory properties (aroma, texture, taste and color). It can also be very denaturing technological processes directly applied to the food (cooking-extrusion, puffing, etc.). They are food and drink products that have undergone specified types of food processing, usually by transnational and other very large 'Big food' corporations. These foods are designed to be 'convenient, eaten on the go, hyperpalatable and appealing to consumers, and, most importantly, the most profitable segment of Big Food companies’ portfolios because of these foods’ low-cost ingredients'. The NOVA-derived Siga score propose a complementary definition more focused ont the degradation of the food/ingredient matrix effect: "An ultra-processed food is characterized by the presence in its list of ingredients of at least one substance that is itself ultra-processed, called a marker of ultra-processing (MUP). These MUPs are obtained by synthesis, or by a succession of physical, chemical and/or biological processes applied to natural raw materials and which lead to a strong degradation compared to their original matrix".
  • 4.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nutritional Values of Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum)
Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) is a fruit-bearing plant native to Borneo. Its fruit is an indigenous seasonal fruit that is considered to be underutilized due to its short shelf life.
  • 4.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anatomy of the Rumen Affecting the Microbiome
The rumen is a complex organ that is critical for its host to convert low-quality feedstuffs into energy. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to volatile fatty acids and other end products is primarily driven by the rumen microbiome and its interaction with the host. Importantly, the rumen is demarcated into five distinct rumen sacs as a result of anatomical structure, resulting in variable physiology among the sacs. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Agricultural Extension for Smallholder Farmers
The creation of commercialization opportunities for smallholder farmers has taken primacy on the development agenda of many developing countries. Invariably, most of the smallholders are less productive than commercial farmers and continue to lag in commercialization. Apart from the various multifaceted challenges which smallholder farmers face, limited access to agricultural extension services stands as the underlying constraint to their sustainability. 
  • 4.1K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Haze in Beer
Beer is one of the oldest and also most widely consumed alcoholic beverages. It is a kind of colloid solution with complex composition and weak stability. The haze formation in beer is a serious quality problem, as it primarily affects the shelf life and flavor of beer. Hazes are caused by suspended insoluble particles of colloidal or larger size that can be perceived visually or by instruments.
  • 4.1K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
History of Zoology Since 1859
This article considers the history of zoology since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. Charles Darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the "neo-Darwinian synthesis".
  • 4.0K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anthocyanidins and Anthocyanins
Anthocyanidins are colored molecules having medium-size and belonging to the class of flavonoids.
  • 4.0K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Domestic Cat
The domestic cat, scientifically known as Felis catus, is a small carnivorous mammal that has been domesticated for thousands of years. Beloved by many as pets, domestic cats exhibit a wide range of coat colors and patterns, varying in size and temperament. Originating from wildcat ancestors, domestic cats have adapted to various environments worldwide, forming close bonds with humans while retaining some of their ancestral behaviors.
  • 4.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Red Panda
The Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a charismatic and endangered mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. With its distinctive red fur, bushy tail, and cat-like face, the Red Panda is often described as a living symbol of biodiversity conservation. Despite its name, the Red Panda is not closely related to the Giant Panda but shares similar bamboo-dominated habitats and a diet primarily consisting of bamboo leaves and shoots.
  • 4.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Raccoon Dog
The Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species native to East Asia, known for its distinctive appearance resembling both raccoons and dogs. Despite its name, it is not closely related to raccoons but belongs to the Canidae family. Raccoon dogs are highly adaptable omnivores, inhabiting a variety of habitats from forests to urban areas, and are recognized for their unique behaviors such as hibernation-like torpor during harsh winters.
  • 3.9K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Preservation of Bread
Bread is a food that is commonly recognized as a very convenient type of food, but it is also easily prone to microbial attack. As a result of bread spoilage, a significant economic loss occurs to both consumers and producers. The bakery industry has sought to identify treatments that make bread safe and with an extended shelf-life to address this economic and safety concern, including replacing harmful chemical preservatives. New frontiers, on the other hand, have recently been explored. Alternative methods of bread preservation, such as microbial fermentation, utilization of plant and animal derivatives, nanofibers, and other innovative technologies, have yielded promising results. 
  • 3.9K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Life Cycle of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Stem rust or black rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Erikss. and E. Henn. (Pgt), leaf rust or brown rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. (Pt) and the wheat stripe rust or yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), is a historically crucial economic disease that occurs in almost all wheat-growing regions worldwide.
  • 3.9K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Wild Vigna Legumes
Legumes (family Fabaceae) represent the third largest family among flowering plants, consisting of approximately 650 genera and 20, 000 species which possess an undeniable vital nutritional value for both humans and animals due to their protein content. The genus Vigna is a huge and important set of legumes consisting of more than 200 species. The term under-exploited wild Vigna species has been attributed to some Vigna species of legumes that have not yet been domesticated. They do not possess commercial names since they have not got a common popular use by people or groups of people. Very few domesticated legumes species exist with more than one hundred (100) wild species under-exploited despite global food demand. A recent study explored farmers’ perceptions, preferences, and possible utilization of some wild Vigna species of legumes through quantitative and qualitative surveys conducted in a mid and high altitude agro-ecological zones in Tanzania to obtain the opinion of 150 farmers about wild legumes and their uses.
  • 3.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Darwin's Fox
Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) is a critically endangered canid species native to Chile, particularly inhabiting the temperate rainforests of Chiloé Island and the Nahuelbuta Range. Named after the renowned naturalist Charles Darwin, this elusive fox is characterized by its small size, reddish-brown fur, and distinctively bushy tail. Threatened by habitat loss, predation by introduced species, and disease, Darwin's Fox faces significant conservation challenges, with concerted efforts underway to protect and preserve this rare and iconic species.
  • 3.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Yucca schidigera in Aquaculture
In modern aquaculture systems, farmers are increasing the stocking capacity of aquatic organisms to develop the yield and maximize water resources utilization. However, the accumulation of ammonia in fishponds regularly occurs in intensive aquaculture systems, resulting in reduced growth rates and poor health conditions. The inclusion of yucca extract is recognized as a practical solution for adsorbing the waterborne ammonia. Yucca has abundant amounts of polyphenolics, steroidal saponins, and resveratrol and can be used as a solution or as a powder.
  • 3.8K
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sugarcane Grown with Saline Irrigation
Sugarcane is a glycophyte, which is fairly sensitive to salt stress, and it is known that applications of saline water adversely affect sugarcane yields and qualities.
  • 3.8K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Innovative Preservation Methods Applied to Fish Products
Fish products are highly perishable, requiring proper processing to maintain their quality and safety during the entire storage. Different from traditional methods used to extend the shelf-life of these products (smoking, salting, marinating, icing, chilling, freezing, drying, boiling, steaming, etc.), in recent years, some alternative methods (non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), pulsed light (PL), ultrasounds (US) and electrolyzed water (EW)) have been proposed as innovative processing technologies able to guarantee the extension of their shelf-life while minimally affecting their organoleptic properties. 
  • 3.8K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Maize/Sorghum as Raw Brewing Materials
Brewing is among the oldest biotechnological processes, in which barley malt and—to a lesser extent—wheat malt are used as conventional raw materials. Other cereals as corn and sorghum could also be used in  brewing.
  • 3.8K
  • 06 May 2021
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