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Topic Review
Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercise Methodologies for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Due to the multifactorial etiology of scoliosis, a comprehensive treatment plan is essential for conservative management. Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise (PSSE) methods have lately gained popularity for the conservative treatment of scoliosis. Inappropriate management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) could result in serious health problems. Conservative interventions that aid in stabilizing spine curvature and improving esthetics are preferred for scoliosis treatment. Bracing has traditionally been the mainstay of treatment, but growing evidence suggests that PSSE physiotherapy allows effective management of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Currently, there are the following PSSE physiotherapy schools in Europe: Schroth, SEAS, BSPTS, FED, FITS, Lyon, Side Shift, and DoboMed. The methodologies of these schools are similar, in that they focus on applying corrective exercises in three planes, developing stability and balance, breathing exercises, and posture awareness. Although high-quality research supporting the effectiveness of PSSE physiotherapy in the treatment of AIS is lacking, existing evidence indicates that PSSE physiotherapy helps to stabilize spinal deformity and improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 709
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Children with Hemiplegia
It is a great research to know the importance of applying unimanual therapies with containment at home in children with hemiplegia.
  • 693
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Omega-3 PUFA in Pediatric Cancer
Epidemiological literature suggests a protective effect of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against cancer. They are attributed to have significant anti-inflammatory properties, and are reported to directly inhibit carcinogenesis and tumor expansion, whilst also reducing the risk for secondary complications, thus representing a promising approach for adjunctive chemotherapy treatment. At the same time, the incidence of malnutrition amongst children with cancer is high and both under- and overnutrition are associated with detrimental consequences, including increased risks for morbidity and mortality, early relapse rates, and a higher prevalence of secondary complications during treatment. Taken together with the benefits of n-3 PUFA supplementation, an enhancement of the nutritional status is a potentially modifiable prognostic factor in pediatric oncology.
  • 687
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea in Children
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a prevalent, but still, today, underdiagnosed illness, which consists of repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep with important repercussions for sleep quality. OSA has relevant consequences in the pediatric population, mainly in the metabolic, cardiovascular (CV), and neurological spheres. However, contrary to adults, advances in diagnostic and therapeutic management have been scarce in the last few years despite the increasing scientific evidence of the deleterious consequences of pediatric OSA. The problem of underdiagnosis and the lack of response to treatment in some groups make an update to the management of OSA in children necessary. Probably, the heterogeneity of OSA is not well represented by the classical clinical presentation and severity parameters (apnea/hypopnea index (AHI)), and new strategies are required. A specific and consensus definition should be established. Additionally, the role of simplified methods in the diagnosis algorithm should be considered. Finally, the search for new biomarkers for risk stratification is needed in this population. In conclusion, new paradigms based on personalized medicine should be implemented in this population. 
  • 685
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency and Squalene Synthase Inhibitor (TAK-475)
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) is a rare inborn disease belonging to the family of periodic fever syndromes. The MKD phenotype is characterized by systemic inflammation involving multiple organs, including the nervous system. Current anti-inflammatory approaches to MKD are only partially effective and do not act specifically on neural inflammation. According to the new emerging pharmacology trends, the repositioning of drugs from the indication for which they were originally intended to another one can make mechanistic-based medications easily available to treat rare diseases. According to this perspective, the squalene synthase inhibitor Lapaquistat (TAK-475), originally developed as a cholesterol-lowering drug, might find a new indication in MKD, by modulating the mevalonate cholesterol pathway, increasing the availability of anti-inflammatory isoprenoid intermediates.
  • 684
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Current Status of Internet Gaming Disorder
The World Health Organization recognizes internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a disorder that causes problems in daily life as a result of excessive interest in online games. The causes of IGD have become more apparent. Because of prolonged exposure to games, the mechanisms controlling the reward system, such as the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and amygdala of the cerebrum, do not function properly in IGD. This mechanism is similar to that of various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction. IGD is particularly risky in children and adolescents because it easily causes brain dysfunction, especially in the developing brain.
  • 684
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome Composition and Skin Immunology in Diaper Dermatitis
Diaper dermatitis is a common type of irritant contact dermatitis occurring in infants and toddlers. Its occurrence is triggered by an unfavorable environment under the diaper, damage to skin integrity by fecal enzyme degradation, overhydration and disruption of the lipid bilayer structure facilitating the entry of irritants and microorganisms. In diaper dermatitis development, the central proinflammatory cytokines are IL-1α, IL-8 and TNF-α. The initial release of IL-1α and TNF-α starts a further cascade of pro-inflammatory chemo- and cytokines, resulting in inflammation and erythema of the skin. A recently recognized factor in diaper dermatitis is the composition of the skin microbiome; common pathogenic strains Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are associated with skin irritation. The resulting impaired microbiome composition produces a local inflammatory response and may thus worsen the initial dermatitis clinical presentation and subsequent healing. 
  • 670
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cortical Visual Impairment in Childhood
Cortical visual impairment in childhood is a kind of visual damage congenitally sustained by children.
  • 665
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pedagogical Model in Physical Education
The characteristics and objectives of the Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model are established.
  • 663
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Passive Immunoprophylaxis
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Pneumoviridae family. It represents the leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Treatment of RSV infections is primarily supportive, including hydration and oxygen supplementation.
  • 661
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in DiGeorge Syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a rare genetic disease caused by microdeletions of the 22q11.2 region (DGS1). A haploinsufficiency at 10p level has been proposed also as a DGS cause (DGS2). Clinical manifestations are variable. The most frequent features are thymic hypoplasia or aplasia with consequent immune deficiency, cardiac malformations, hypoparathyroidism, facial and palatine abnormalities, variable degrees of cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders. The specific aim of this descriptive report is to discuss the correlation between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in DGS patients with microdeletions of the 22q11.2 region. The deleted chromosomic region maps various genes involved in mitochondrial metabolisms, such as DGCR8 and TXNRD2, that could lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased production and antioxidant depletion.
  • 659
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fall Prevention for Pediatric Inpatients
Falls account for a high proportion of the safety accidents experienced by hospitalized children. This entry aims to analyze the contents and effects of fall prevention programs for pediatric inpatients to develop more adaptable fall prevention programs.
  • 657
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics in Children with Asthma
A type-2 immune response usually sustains wheezing and asthma in children. In addition, dysbiosis of digestive and respiratory tracts is detectable in patients with wheezing and asthma. Probiotics may rebalance immune response, repair dysbiosis, and mitigate airway inflammation. As a result, probiotics may prevent asthma and wheezing relapse. There is evidence that some probiotic strains may improve asthma outcomes in children.
  • 656
  • 09 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Factors Influencing  Insulin Pump Therapy Adherence in Children
Several key factors might improve adherence to insulin pump therapy: efficient communication between care provider and patients (including home-based video-visits), continuous diabetes education, family support and parental involvement, as well as informational, practical assistance, and emotional support from the society.
  • 655
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Dyslipidaemia in Children
Childhood dyslipidaemia is one of the main traditional cardiovascular risk factors that initiate and exacerbate the atherosclerotic process. Current guidelines recommend healthy behaviours as the first-line treatment for childhood dyslipidaemia. The therapeutic lifestyle changes should focus on dietary modifications, daily physical activity, reduction in body weight and tobacco smoking cessation. Parents play a key role in promoting their children’s healthy habits. In children with more severe forms of lipid abnormalities and in those who do not benefit from healthy behaviours, pharmacological therapy should be considered. Safe and effective medications are already available for children and adolescents. Statins represent the first-line pharmacological option, while ezetimibe and bile acid sequestrants are usually used as second-line drugs. Despite their limited use in children, other lipid-lowering agents (already approved for adults) are currently available or under study for certain categories of paediatric patients (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia).
  • 654
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rare Genetic Syndromes and Oral Anomalies
Rare genetic syndromes, conditions with a global average prevalence of 40 cases/100,000 people, are associated with anatomical, physiological, and neurological anomalies that may affect different body districts, including the oral district.
  • 652
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gut Virome in Childhood Diseases
Mammals are colonized by numerous microbes, collectively referred to as the microbiota. The microbiota forms a stable symbiotic relationship with the host and is indispensable for health maintenance. Although the eubacteria are the best characterized component of the human gut microbiota, it also includes commensal populations of viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites and archaea. Evidence highlights that the virome, consisting in DNA and RNA eukaryotic viruses, bacterial viruses (i.e., bacteriophages) and archaeal viruses, exerts a fundamental role in the host wellbeing. Indeed, alterations of the adult virome have been linked to increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that maintaining or restoring a structurally and functionally correct composition of the virome might represent in the near future a promising approach to prevent or cure different human diseases. Although the knowledge of childhood virome is currently very limited, modifications of the virome composition have been associated with several diseases during the pediatric age, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, malnutrition, diarrhea and celiac disease. 
  • 649
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifactorial etiology, characterized by impairment in two main functional areas: (1) communication and social interactions, and (2) skills, interests and activities. ASD patients often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms associated with dysbiotic states and a “leaky gut.” A key role in the pathogenesis of ASD has been attributed to the gut microbiota, as it influences central nervous system development and neuropsychological and gastrointestinal homeostasis through the microbiota–gut–brain axis.
  • 649
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Twin-to-twin Transfusion Syndrome
The study aims to expound upon the imaging-based diagnostic methodologies aimed at identifying twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a serious, somewhat rare prenatal condition which takes place in pregnancies where identical twins, or other multiples, share a placenta (monochorionic placenta), and highlighting how medico-legal outcomes can be affected by provable compliance with consolidated diagnostic best practices. In that regard, case law databases have been pored over (Justia, Lexis, Leagle), and five significant court cases have been examined and discussed, in an attempt to identify objective medico-legal standards of good practice and bring to the forefront relevant forensic dynamics. It is of utmost importance to produce a prompt diagnosis of TTTS: an early diagnosis is in fact critical in order to effectively treat and manage TTTS. By virtue of TTTS being a highly progressive condition, a delay in diagnosis can result in disastrous outcomes: just a few weeks delay in the diagnosis of TTTS can turn out fatal for both twins. Hence, most TTTS malpractice claims involve allegations of medical negligence: namely the failure to recognize the condition in a timely fashion, or to proceed with adequate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways.
  • 645
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Approaches to Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain
Chronic abdominal pain is one of the most common problems seen by both pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists. Abdominal-pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (AP-FGIDs) are diagnosed in children with chronic and recurrent abdominal pain meeting clinical criteria set forth in the Rome IV criteria. AP-FGIDs affect approximately 20% of children worldwide and include functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain (FAP), and abdominal migraine. IBS accounts for 45% of pediatric AP-FGIDs. The pathophysiology of functional abdominal pain involves an interplay of factors including early life events, genetics, psychosocial influences, and physiologic factors of visceral sensitivity, motility disturbance, altered mucosal immune function, and altered central nervous system processing. Researchers discuss popular herbal treatments typically used in the field of complementary medicine to treat pediatric AP-FGIDs: peppermint oil, fennel, licorice, and STW5.
  • 645
  • 14 Sep 2022
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