You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
The Role of Ocular Fundus in Systemic Infections
Examining the ocular fundus demonstrates significant clinical relevance in systemic infections among inpatients. The necessity of such evaluations is not universal for all infectious cases but critical when systemic infections, notably those demonstrating a potential for ocular involvement. The utilization of a collaborative decision tree is proposed to guide clinicians in identifying patients who may derive substantial benefit from fundus examinations, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and tailoring therapeutic interventions. A well-structured, interdisciplinary approach, combining systemic and ocular assessments, is crucial to establish diagnostic clarity and refine therapeutic approaches, especially in the complex clinical scenarios often presented by inpatients with systemic infections. Ultimately, adopting this strategic framework aims to promote better patient outcomes through informed and timely intervention strategies.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Optical Coherence Tomography in Myopia and Pathologic Myopia
Myopia represents a growing and significantly global public health problem, with a prevalence of over two billion people (28.3% of the global population), including 277 million individuals (4.0%) with high myopia. Pathologic myopia is defined by the presence of myopic lesions in the posterior segment of the eye (posterior staphyloma or myopic maculopathy equal to or more serious than diffuse choroidal atrophy). Advances in imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technology, including the development of swept source OCT/OCTA, widefield or ultra-widefield systems, have greatly improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of myopia and myopia-related complications.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Reis–Bücklers Corneal Dystrophy
Corneal dystrophies are a group of non-inflammatory inherited disorders of the cornea. Reis–Bücklers corneal dystrophy (RBCD) is a bilateral and autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in keratoepithilin, i.e., BIGH3, also known as transforming human growth factor (TGFBI), on chromosome 5q.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a complex and not entirely understood retinal disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Drug Delivery for Treating Sjögren’s Dry Eye
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic and insidious autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. Patients typically present with dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), and other systemic manifestations. The current management for Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) has been ineffective as it only targets ocular surface inflammation and dryness without addressing the specific disease process. Ophthalmologists often adopt a trial-and-error approach, which allows the cycle of dry eye disease (DED) to progress and potentially cause permanent damage to the lacrimal functional unit. Topical treatments also depend on patients' ability to administer eye drops and their compliance. These limitations emphasize the need for personalized, targeted treatments that address the underlying pathophysiology of SSDE. This article aims to present new advances in ocular drug delivery for more effective treatment.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Ophthalmic Lenses
The increase of public awareness on ocular conditions leads to an early diagnosis and treatment, as well as an increased demand for more effective and minimally invasive solutions for the treatment of both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Despite being the most common route of ophthalmic drug administration, eye drops are associated with compliance issues, drug wastage by lacrimation, and low bioavailability due to the ocular barriers. In order to overcome these problems, the design of drug-eluting ophthalmic lenses constitutes a non-invasive and patient-friendly approach for the sustained drug delivery to the eye. Several examples of therapeutic contact lenses and intraocular lenses have been developed, by means of different strategies of drug loading, leading to promising results. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Gene Therapy Approaches to Treat Retinitis Pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of hereditary diseases that result in the progressive degeneration of the retina's photoreceptor cells, primarily starting with the rods. This gradual loss of vision is the most common form of inherited retinal dystrophy, and it imposes a significant burden on both individuals and society. RP is a leading cause of visual disability and blindness in people under 60, affecting more than 1.5 million individuals worldwide. The most common symptoms of RP include nyctalopia and gradual peripheral vision loss, which may ultimately lead to complete blindness.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a critical global burden, with 103.12 million individuals affected and an estimated increase to 160.5 million by 2045. It represents a common and preventable complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes affecting the adult working population. Neurodegeneration is a critical element of diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis. The neuronal cells’ apoptosis contributes to microvascular impairment and blood–retinal barrier breakdown.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by host phagocytes and play an important role in antimicrobial actions against various pathogens. Autoimmune uveitis causes blindness and severe visual impairment in humans at all ages worldwide. However, the role of ROS in autoimmune uveitis remains unclear. We used ROS-deficient (Ncf1-/-) mice to investigate the role of ROS in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Besides, we also used the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine treatment to evaluate the effect of suppression of ROS on EAU in mice. The EAU disease scores of Ncf1-/- mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type mice. EAU induction increased the levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and TNF-α) and chemokines (MCP-1) in the retinas of wild-type mice but not in those of Ncf1-/- mice. EAU induction enhanced the level of NF-κB activity in wild-type mice. However, the level of NF-κB activity in Ncf1-/- mice with EAU induction was low. Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine also decreased the severity of EAU in mice with reduced levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and NF-κB activation in the retina. We successfully revealed a novel role of ROS in the pathogenesis of EAU and suggest a potential antioxidant role for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis in the future.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glaucoma Patients with Flammer Syndrome
Flammer syndrome (FS) describes a phenotype characterized by the presence of primary vascular dysregulation along with a number of symptoms and signs. Although most people with FS are healthy, FS favors the occurrence of certain diseases, such as normal tension glaucoma. This is because disturbed autoregulation makes the eye more sensitive to intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes or blood pressure drops. Treatment of FS is generally appropriate when patients either suffer greatly from their symptoms or if we can assume that it has contributed to a disease. In glaucoma, this may be the case if the glaucoma damage progresses despite well-controlled IOP. Both the still sparse scientific studies and our long clinical experience suggest that FS-targeted therapy not only relieves the symptoms of FS but also slows the progression of glaucoma damage in selected cases. This description is intended not only to help affected patients but to also motivate clinicians and researchers to conduct therapy studies to confirm or refute our observations. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Magnification of Iris in Ocular Prosthesis
The ocular prostheses, used for the prosthetic rehabilitation of ocular defects, are generally made from acrylic resin. As the thickness of clear acrylic over the iris is increased on the ocular prosthesis, the size of the iris is also increased, due to magnification through the clear resin.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is defined as a progressive loss of the innermost nerve cells of the retina, the retinal ganglion cells, with a simultaneous characteristic loss of the peripheral visual field. The underlying cause for glaucoma remains unclear and the condition has been recognized as multifactorial with a potential important systemic involvement.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to modify its structure on the basis of different environmental changes and stimulation.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacological Treatment in Presbyopia
Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia may be an alternative for those who want a spectacle-free scenario and an easy-to-use method with lower risk of irreversible ocular adverse events. There are two main agents, miotics and lens softeners, investigated as agents for the pharmacological treatment. Miotic agents treat presbyopia by creating a pinhole effect which may increase the depth of focus at all working distances. Lens softeners increase the elasticity of the lens, which is targeted at one of the etiologic mechanisms of presbyopia. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Extra-Intestinal Manifestations in Adults Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic, inflammatory, polygenic, multifactorial, and multifactorial illness with unknown etiology. Studies have reported extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) or issues in several organ systems, including musculoskeletal, dermatologic, ocular, pulmonary, renal, and hepatobiliary systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in the Corneal Epithelium
It has been known for some time that the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes the restoration of the corneal epithelium and patients using EGFR inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies are at increased risk of corneal erosions. However, the use of EGF in the clinic has been limited by downregulation of the receptor. More recent advances in EGFR signaling and trafficking in corneal epithelial cells have provided new insights in how to overcome receptor desensitization. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Lactoferrin on the Ocular Surface
Lactoferrin (LF) is a first-line defense protein with a pleiotropic functional pattern that includes anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumoral properties. Remarkably, this iron-binding glycoprotein promotes iron retention, restricting free radical production and avoiding oxidative damage and inflammation. On the ocular surface, LF is released from corneal epithelial cells and lacrimal glands, representing a significant percentage of the total tear fluid proteins. Due to its multifunctionality, the availability of LF may be limited in several ocular disorders. Consequently, to reinforce the action of this highly beneficial glycoprotein on the ocular surface, LF has been proposed for the treatment of different conditions such as dry eye, keratoconus, conjunctivitis, and viral or bacterial ocular infections, among others.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Endophthalmitis
Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EXFE) represents a rare complication after penetrating ocular trauma of previously unresolved keratitis or iatrogenic infections, following intraocular surgery such as cataract surgery.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Gel-Based Materials
The most common route of administration of ophthalmic drugs is the topical route because it is convenient, non-invasive, and accessible to all patients. Unfortunately, drugs administered topically are not able to reach effective concentrations. Moreover, their bioavailability must be improved to decrease the frequency of administrations and their side effects, and to increase their therapeutic efficiency. For this purpose, in recent decades, particular attention has been given to the possibility of developing prolonged-release forms that are able to increase the precorneal residence time and decrease the loss of the drug due to tearing. Among these forms, gel-based materials have been studied as an ideal delivery system because they are an extremely versatile class with numerous prospective applications in ophthalmology. These materials are used in gel eye drops, in situ gelling formulations, intravitreal injections, and therapeutic contact lenses. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Principle of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Diagnosis and quantification of ischemia in ocular burns is essential to determine the need for interventions in the acute phase and the final prognosis. Clinical signs in isolation are rarely sufficient to accurately assess limbal ischemia. With anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA), the presence and extent of ischemia can be objectively confirmed and quantified.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 16
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback