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Topic Review
System 1 vs. System 2 Thinking
While the majority of cognitive psychologists now embrace the dual-processing theory of the mind, Systems 1 and 2, there are still some who disagree. Most evolutionary psychologists, in contrast, dispute the existence of System 2, a domain-general mind, although some disagree. However, a consensus is growing in favor of System 2, although evolutionary psychologists’ concerns must be addressed.
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Crossover of Work Engagement
Work engagement is related to a plethora of positive outcomes both at the individual and organizational level. This positive organizational state can cross over from one individual to another, and this process may depend on several factors, such as the work context or individual differences. Crossover is a form of emotional contagion, and a conscious procedure in which transference of emotions and affective states is facilitated by the empathic reactions of partners.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Bayesian Analysis in Social Sciences
Given the reproducibility crisis (or replication crisis), more psychologists and social-cultural scientists are getting involved with Bayesian inference. Therefore, the current article provides a brief overview of programs (or software) and steps to conduct Bayesian data analysis in social sciences. 
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Radial Arm Maze Task
The Radial Arm Maze (RAM), developed by Olton and Samuelson (1976) and quickly adapted in humans, is a high ecological spatial task, firstly used in a real environment and subsequently in the virtual one.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) amongst Adolescents in Schools
Adolescence is a stage of development that is impacted by a number of factors including relationships with peers, parent and teachers. A condition such as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), which impedes those relationships due fear about social interactions, has detrimental impact on adolescent development. Through the review of recent studies, this paper will explore the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and the school-based program, Skills for Social and Academic Success (SASS), with adolescents experiencing SAD. A review of the assessment and diagnostic process for SAD is provided which explores the limitations and gaps within current assessment processes. Suggestions for more developmentally informed assessment processes are considered. The paper will also outline the role which schools can play in the detection and treatment of SAD amongst an adolescent population. Furthermore, the outcomes of those interventions are considered herein.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bilingualism, Culture, and Executive Functions
Much research to date exploring whether bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in terms of executive functions (EF) often conflates bilingualism with bi/multiculturalism. Here, the researchers review the evidence for why culture should be carefully scrutinised as a critical variable that could mediate bilinguals' EF.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Growth and Post-Traumatic Stress after Infidelity
Two important, while relatively uncommon, outcomes of trauma include experiences of post-traumatic growth (PTG) and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS). PTG is characterized by increased personal strength, a renewed sense of life purpose and meaning, and better interpersonal relationships. Infidelity within an intimate relationship is typically described as an interpersonal betrayal. However, its lasting effects can resemble those experienced by individuals with PTSD in response to other traumas. Understanding the pathways from infidelity to PTG and PTS are important; one pathway includes determining that the event is central to one's identity or experiences.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Masturbation and Sexual Function
Masturbation is defined as the manipulation of one’s own genital organs, typically the penis or clitoris, for purposes of sexual gratification. Masturbation frequency was positively associated with overall sexual function for women. This was moderated by relationship status, meaning that more frequent masturbation was associated with better orgasmic function and sexual satisfaction in single women, whereas the opposite was true for women who were in a relationship. For men, more frequent masturbation was associated with better erectile function for single men, and better ejaculatory latency but worse orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction, and more symptoms of delayed ejaculation for men who were in a relationship. Lower sexual compatibility and sexual dysfunctions in the partner were associated with more frequent masturbation in both sexes. The associations between masturbation frequency and sexual function vary for single and partnered individuals, and are, for the latter group, further affected by sexual compatibility.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Biography
David Eisner
David Alfred Eisner, FRCP (Hon), FMedSci,[1] (born 3 January 1955)[2][3] is British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiac Physiology at the University of Manchester and editor-in-chief of The Journal of General Physiology (JGP).[4] Eisner was born in 1955 in Manchester, the son of the physicist and writer Herbert Eisner.[3][5][6] After attending Manchester Grammar School, he received his B.A.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Impact of the Internet of Things on Psychology
The Internet of things (IoT) is a network of smart things that can interact without human intervention. The IoT has affected different aspects of human life and led to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Psychology is an important area of human life affected by the IoT. Inner peace has always been a human concern, for which the principles of psychology must be analyzed and practiced. IoT technology has come to the aid of psychologists in analyzing and resolving prominent psychological problems. 
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Interventions for Treatment of Eco-Anxiety
As climate change worsens and public awareness of its grave impact increases, individuals are increasingly experiencing distressing mental health symptoms which are often grouped under the umbrella term of eco-anxiety. Interventions for the treatment of eco-anxiety are proposed.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Workplace Dynamic of People-Pleasing: Understanding Its Effects on Productivity and Well-Being
This entry explores the psychological, developmental, and organizational dynamics of people-pleasing behavior, analyzing its roots in childhood conditioning, cultural reinforcement, and evolutionary mechanisms. It highlights how chronic approval-seeking compromises authenticity, mental health, and workplace productivity, while proposing interventions for individuals and organizations to cultivate assertiveness and healthier relational patterns.
  • 2.0K
  • 04 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Ceiling Effects: The Example of IQ 276
The ceiling effect in psychometrics refers to loss of score differentiation at the upper end of a test’s range. In intelligence testing, ceiling effects hinder valid assessment of profoundly gifted individuals because scores cluster at or near the maximums of widely used instruments (e.g., WAIS, Stanford–Binet). This entry defines the ceiling effect in IQ measurement, summarizes common upper limits and the development of extended norms, and outlines methodological responses such as high-range instruments, item response theory (IRT), and model-based statistical extrapolation. Using the debated “IQ 276” (SD = 24; ≈ 210 on SD = 15, z ≈ +7.33) purely as an illustrative case, it reviews promises and pitfalls of inferring extreme ability beyond a test’s empirical range. The goal is not to adjudicate any individual claim but to clarify the psychometric challenges of measuring extreme intelligence and to sketch directions for building valid, higher-ceiling assessments.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Aug 2025
Biography
Erlendur Haraldsson
Erlendur Haraldsson (born 1931) is a professor emeritus of psychology on the faculty of social science at the University of Iceland. He has published in various psychology and psychiatry journals. In addition, he has published parapsychology books and authored a number of papers for parapsychology journals. Erlendur studied philosophy at the universities of Iceland, Edinburgh and Freiburg fro
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ontological Addiction
Ontological Addiction theory (OAT) presently construed as “the maladaptive condition whereby an individual is addicted to the belief that they inherently exist” risks being caught in a performative contradiction. This is related to an implicit transcendental reductionist assumption operative in its conception. Any assimulation and application of skillful means to mental health within a western context will also seek to integrate the insights of the Western Enlightenment and the value of the individual. Critically this entails a developmental appreciation of the problematic perception of egoic individualism as distinct from the conception of an individuating ‘whole person’, with ontological import. Thus OAT could positively be supplemented, reconstructed and reconceived as Ontological Affirmation Theory. 
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Interpersonal Effects of Guilt
Research on the effects of guilt on interpersonal relationships has shown that guilt, as a moral emotion, frequently motivates prosocial behavior in dyadic social situations.  
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Attachment theory is a social-emotional development theory that was originally developed by John Bowlby in order to explain the bond between babies and their caretakers. The basic premise is that an individual’s security and trust toward others in later life stages are molded by their experiences with relationship patterns and the emotional availability of their caretakers, that is to say, their attachment figures. Later, Ainsworth carried out some of the first studies on the individual differences which manifest in attachment, observing how this system is activated and discovering differences based on the behaviors of the caretakers. Through a standardized laboratory procedure called “strange situation”, Ainsworth recorded systematic observations on mother–child interactions in the first year of life, as well as the reaction of the child during separation from and reunion with the mother.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Self-Talk and Self-Regulation
The self is usually understood as being multidimensional in nature, made up of both conscious and unconscious levels, and informed by the observations of others; it includes all conceivable private and public aspects that make up who a person is, such as thoughts, emotions, goals, values, sensations, memories, traits, attitudes, physical attributes, behaviors, and skills. The self represents a highly dynamic system constituted of social, cognitive, emotional, motivational, and neurological dimensions.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Political Psychology
Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field, dedicated to understanding politics, politicians and political behavior from a psychological perspective, and psychological processes using socio-political perspectives. The relationship between politics and psychology is considered bidirectional, with psychology being used as a lens for understanding politics and politics being used as a lens for understanding psychology. As an interdisciplinary field, political psychology borrows from a wide range of other disciplines, including: anthropology, sociology, international relations, economics, philosophy, media, journalism and history. Political psychology aims to understand interdependent relationships between individuals and contexts that are influenced by beliefs, motivation, perception, cognition, information processing, learning strategies, socialization and attitude formation. Political psychological theory and approaches have been applied in many contexts such as: leadership role; domestic and foreign policy making; behavior in ethnic violence, war and genocide; group dynamics and conflict; racist behavior; voting attitudes and motivation; voting and the role of the media; nationalism; and political extremism. In essence political psychologists study the foundations, dynamics, and outcomes of political behavior using cognitive and social explanations.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Library Anxiety
Library anxiety refers to the "feeling that one’s research skills are inadequate and that those shortcomings should be hidden. In some students this manifests as an outright fear of libraries and the librarians who work there." The term stems from a 1986 article by Constance Mellon, a professor of library science in the United States state of North Carolina, titled "Library anxiety: A grounded theory and its development" in the College & Research Libraries journal.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Nov 2022
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