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Topic Review
Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain.
  • 538
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology in End-Stage Renal Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and during the first year after transplantation. Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, tobacco use, family history), in CKD patients non-traditional risk factors play an important role in CAD pathophysiology.
  • 520
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
miRNA in Graft-Versus-Host-Disease
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a clinically challenging modality for the treatment of many hematologic diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication after allo-HSCT and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, limiting the success of a potentially curative transplant. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been shown to impact the biology of GVHD. They are molecular regulators involved in numerous processes during T-cell development, homeostasis, and activation, and contribute to the pathological function of T-cells during GvHD.
  • 515
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Post-Kidney Transplant Measures to Prevent Rejection
With increasing knowledge of immunologic factors and with the advent of potent immunosuppressive agents, the last several decades have seen significantly improved allograft survival. Today, median graft survival ranges from 11.7 years in deceased donor kidney transplants up to 19.2 years in living donor kidney transplants. However, despite overall improved short to medium-term allograft survival, long-term allograft outcomes remain unsatisfactory.
  • 472
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Transplantation for Mitochondria-Deficient Diseases
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that are involved in energy production, apoptosis, and signaling in eukaryotic cells. Several studies conducted over the past decades have correlated mitochondrial dysfunction with various diseases, including cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, and cancer. Mitochondrial transplantation entails importing intact mitochondria from healthy tissues into diseased tissues with damaged mitochondria to rescue the injured cells. 
  • 454
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physiology of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury for Transplantation
Cold preservation is a key component to organ procurement and transplantation. Cold preservation functions by slowing metabolic activity of procured organs and begins the period known as cold ischemic time (CIT). Reducing CIT and warm ischemic time (WIT) are paramount to minimizing donor organ damage from ischemia and the build-up of waste products and signals that drive reperfusion injury prior to transplantation into a matching recipient.
  • 435
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Post-Transplant Bone Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Kidney transplantation is the preferred gold standard modality of treatment for kidney failure. Bone disease after kidney transplantation is highly prevalent in patients living with a kidney transplant and is associated with high rates of hip fractures. Fractures are associated with increased healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Post-transplant bone disease (PTBD) includes renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis and bone fractures. PTBD is complex as it encompasses pre-existing chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disease and compounding factors after transplantation, including the use of immunosuppression and the development of de novo bone disease. After transplantation, the persistence of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, relative vitamin D deficiency and high levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 contribute to post-transplant bone disease. Risk assessment includes identifying both general risk factors and kidney-specific risk factors. Diagnosis is complex as the gold standard bone biopsy with double-tetracycline labelling to diagnose the PTBD subtype is not always readily available. Therefore, alternative diagnostic tools may be used to aid its diagnosis. 
  • 430
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MicroRNAs as Potential Graft Rejection or Tolerance Biomarkers
Allograft rejection is a widespread complication in allograft recipients with chronic kidney disease. Undertreatment of subclinical and clinical rejection and later post-transplant problems are caused by an imperfect understanding of the mechanisms at play and a lack of adequate diagnostic tools. Many different biomarkers have been analyzed and proposed to detect and monitor these crucial events in transplant outcomes. In this sense, microRNAs may help diagnose rejection or tolerance and indicate appropriate treatment, especially in patients with chronic allograft rejection. As key epigenetic regulators of physiological homeostasis, microRNAs have therapeutic potential and may indicate allograft tolerance or rejection. However, more evidence and clinical validation are indispensable before microRNAs are ready for clinical prime time.
  • 420
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Modification of Preservative Fluids with Antioxidants
Transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. Many advanced studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of organ preservation techniques. Modifying the composition of the preservation fluids currently used may improve graft function and increase the likelihood of transplantation success. The modified fluid is expected to extend the period of safe liver storage in the peri-transplantation period and to increase the pool of organs for transplantation with livers from marginal donors. 
  • 373
  • 08 Feb 2024
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