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Topic Review
Treatment of Exocrine Gland Disease in pSS
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease defined by exocrine gland hypofunction resulting in dry eyes and dry mouth.
  • 785
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adipokines in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) are complex immune-mediated diseases that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), including axial SpA (ax SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are the most common forms of IRD. Both RA and ax SpA are characterized by a chronic course with progressive structural modifications, namely, cartilage damage and bone erosions in RA and osteoproliferative changes with spinal ossifications in ax SpA. The adipose tissue is involved in the pathophysiology of IRDs via the release of several proteins, namely, adipokines. Several adipokines with pro-inflammatory effects have been identified, such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and resistin. 
  • 778
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease that affects nearly 3.41 million people globally, with 90% of the cases affecting women of childbearing age. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, EVs can increase the levels of regulatory T cells, thus reducing inflammation. EVs also have the potential to regulate B cells to alleviate SLE and reduce its adverse effects. 
  • 775
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Janus Kinase Inhibitors
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the spine, peripheral joints, and entheses. This condition causes stiffness, pain, and significant limitation of movement. Several effective therapies have become available based on the use of biologics that selectively block cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-23. However, a significant number of patients show an inadequate response to treatment. Small synthetic molecules capable of blocking the activity of Janus kinases (JAK) were introduced in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Subsequently, their indication extended to the treatment of other inflammatory rheumatic diseases. 
  • 773
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Febuxostat’s Multifaceted Therapeutic Application
Febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor originally introduced for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout, has evolved into a multifaceted therapeutic agent with a spectrum of effects extending far beyond its initial scope. The diverse range of impacts exerted by febuxostat on various physiological systems are explored, offering insights into its mechanism of action, efficacy in gout management, cardiovascular implications, renal and hepatic effects, musculoskeletal applications, adverse event profiles, and emerging avenues for future research.
  • 772
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Percutaneous Delivery Systems for Anti-Rheumatic Sinomenine
The development of local percutaneous drug delivery systems can reduce the side effects of sinomenine (SIN) and enhance patient compliance. Many percutaneous drug delivery systems have thus been developed, including liposomes, hydrogels, and microneedles. In addition, some equipment-assisted percutaneous drug delivery methods were also used, such as electroporation and dual-frequency ultrasound.
  • 770
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Different Interventions for Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease among the human population worldwide. OA causes functional impairment, leads to disability and poses serious socioeconomic burden. The rehabilitation offers a function-oriented method to reduce the disability using diverse interventions (kinesiotherapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, education, and pharmacotherapy). 
  • 766
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Serum Biomarkers of Lung Fibrosis in Interstitial Pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) belongs to a group of diseases called interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), which are disorders of a varied prognosis and course. Finding sufficiently specific and sensitive biomarkers would enable the progression to be predicted, the natural history to be monitored and patients to be stratified according to their treatment. 
  • 764
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Role of T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies (autoAbs), and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Microvasculopathy and autoAbs appear very early in the disease process. AutoAbs, such as those directed against DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I), are disease specific and associated with disease manifestations, and indicate activation of the adaptive immune system. B cells are involved in fibrosis in SSc. T cells are also involved in disease pathogenesis. T cells show signs of antigen-induced activation; T cells of TH2 type are increased and produce profibrotic cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31; CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are increased in skin lesions, and cause fibrosis and endothelial cell apoptosis; circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells are increased in SSc produce IL-21 and promote plasmablast antibody production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells are impaired in SSc. These findings provide strong circumstantial evidence for T cell implication in SSc pathogenesis and encourage new T cell-directed therapeutic strategies for the disease.
  • 760
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder affecting a vast variety of the population. The onset of RA as well as the development of systematic immunization is affected by both genetic and environmental risk factors. In the antioxidant setting of natural products, RA patients may find the use of natural products beneficial. Although there is conflicting evidence of the role of antioxidants in RA, as this field remains poorly explored, the value of antioxidants in fighting inflammation is well-documented, which explains the fact that the antioxidant properties of natural products are commonly evaluated and usually represent the first step of in vitro evaluation before that of the anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 754
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
miRNAs in RA Development
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by autoimmunity, synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Pannus formation in the synovial cavity can cause irreversible damage to the joint and cartilage and eventually permanent disability. 
  • 754
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Osteokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteokines are secreted by bone cells that possess effects locally in bones and systemically in other tissues and organs. They have endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions. In bones, osteocytes and osteoblasts are responsible for the secretion of osteokines through stimulation of several events, such as the mechanical stress from physical exercise. Osteokines exert healthy effects in increasing post-contraction glucose uptake in muscles through an insulin-dependent mechanism, influencing muscle contractility and mitochondrial biogenesis in the interior of muscle cells, reversing the decline in muscle function through the aging process, controlling phosphate homeostasis, influencing free fatty acids oxidation to produce energy, and mediating the transport of glucose transporters-4 (GLUT-4) from the cytoplasm to cell membranes. Among unhealthy effects, some osteokines can lead to the destruction and suppression of ectopic calcification of bones in addition to dysregulations in energy and phosphate homeostasis.
  • 750
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fatty Acids and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The prevalence of RA in the world ranges from 0.5% to 1.0%, with the predominant percentage being women. What is characteristic of RA is the appearance of pathological changes, which first occur in the joint lining. The B cells, macrophages and CD4+ helper T cells infiltrating the synovial stroma result in the spread of the synovium, which causes swelling and pain in the joints. For a long time, omega-3 FAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22: 6n-3), have been regarded as factors with immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory properties. Although it is widely believed that omega-6 FAs have a proinflammatory effect, some data indicate their immunomodulatory potential. Therefore, the medium-chain omega-3 and omega-6 FAs ALA and LA, respectively, are essential nutrients for mammals, including humans.
  • 741
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis
Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SNRA) is characterized by the absence of both rheumatoid factor (RF) and antibodies against the cyclic citrullinated protein (ACPA) in serum.
  • 738
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
JAK Inhibitors’ Pleiotropic Potential in Pain's Immune Interactions
The exploration of pain within the contexts of rheumatic diseases, immune interactions, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway reveals the intricate and dynamic interplay between immune responses and neural processes that shape pain perception and modulation. From the complex nature of pain experiences in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis to the bidirectional communication between immune cells and neurons, a comprehensive understanding of these interactions is crucial for developing effective pain management strategies.
  • 735
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cytokines in Spondyloarthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Spondyloarthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic immune disorders of the joints and the gut that often coexist in the same patient, increasing the burden of each disorder, worsening patients’ quality of life, and influencing therapeutic strategies. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, microbiome features, immune cell trafficking, and soluble factors such as cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of both articular and intestinal inflammation. Cytokines have a central role in immune disorders and seem to be involved at different levels in the pathogenesis of articular and intestinal IMID, leading to the activation and perpetuation of proinflammatory pathways with consequent tissue damage.
  • 733
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Treat-to-Target in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Treat-to-target is a therapeutic approach based on adjustments to treatment at set intervals in order to achieve well-defined, clinically relevant targets. This approach has been successfully applied to many chronic conditions, and in rheumatology promising results have emerged for rheumatoid arthritis. For systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), defining the most meaningful treatment targets has been challenging, due to disease complexity and heterogeneity. Control of disease activity, the reduction of damage accrual and the patient’s quality of life should be considered as the main targets in SLE, and several new drugs are emerging to achieve these targets. 
  • 725
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Complement as a Biomarker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of immune complex deposition; therefore, complement plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of SLE. In general, complement levels in blood and complement deposition in histological tests are used for the management of SLE. Thus, the evaluation of complement status can be useful in the diagnosis of SLE, assessment of disease activity, and prediction of treatment response and prognosis. In addition, novel complement biomarkers, such as split products and cell-bound complement activation products, are considered to be more sensitive than traditional complement markers, such as serum C3 and C4 levels and total complement activity (CH50), which become more widely used.
  • 709
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biological Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in RA
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the most common of the chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases (CIADs), is recognized as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therapies used in RA include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), categorized into conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs), and biological DMARDs (bDMARDs). csDMARDs are used as first-line therapy in the absence of contraindications, with Methotrexate (MTX) being the first option. Moreover, when disease activity is high, low doses of glucocorticoids can be used for a short period of time as a bridging therapy.
  • 709
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Role of IL-33 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
IL-33 is a newly discovered cytokine displaying pleiotropic localizations and functions. More specifically, it also functions as an alarmin, following its release from cells undergoing cell death or necrosis, to alert the innate immune system. The role of IL-33 has been underlined in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The expressions of IL-33 as well as its receptor, ST2, are significantly upregulated in SLE patients and in patients with lupus nephritis. 
  • 707
  • 17 Jun 2022
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