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Topic Review
Mitsubishi Regional Jet
The Mitsubishi Regional Jet (Japanese: 三菱リージョナルジェット), or MRJ for short, is a twin-engine regional jet aircraft seating 70–90 passengers manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, a partnership between majority owner Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and minority owner Toyota Motor Corporation with design assistance from Subaru Corporation, itself already an aerospace manufacturer. The MRJ will be the first airliner designed and produced in Japan since the NAMC YS-11 of the 1960s, which was produced at a loss. The first flight of the MRJ was in November 2015. After several delays, deliveries are now scheduled to start by mid-2020.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), also known as carbon dots (CDs), are novel zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials. CQDs have attracted enormous attention around the world because of their excellent optical properties as well as water solubility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and simple synthesis routes. CQDs have numerous applications in bioimaging, biosensing, chemical sensing, nanomedicine, solar cells, drug delivery, and light-emitting diodes.
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Natural sulfur containing compounds
The present review aims to characterize the general characteristics, physicochemical properties,and health-related studies of onion, garlic, and cruciferous vegetable consumption, as well as theinfluence of food processing on their content of active substances. The review combines distinctchapters where information relevant for nutraceutical and functional food engineers, medical doctors,as well as consumers can be obtained. We believe that the review will stimulate further studies relatedto the implementation of the most accurate sources of sulfur compounds from chosen plants whichcould support the therapy of cancer patients. Moreover, the review aims to present cost-e ectiveanti-tumor means that would include the implementation in the diet of sulfur-based compoundsin foods.
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Biography
Sheldon Lee Glashow
Sheldon Lee Glashow (US: /ˈɡlæʃoʊ/,[1][2] UK: /ˈɡlæʃaʊ/;[3] born December 5, 1932) is a Nobel Prize-winning United States theoretical physicist. He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University and Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Harvard University, and is a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Sheldo
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Pigments in Textile Dyeing
Synthetic pigments/non-renewable coloring sources used normally in the textile industry release toxic substances into the environment, causing perilous ecological challenges. To be safer from such challenges of synthetic colorants, academia and industries have explored the use of natural colorants such as microbial pigments. Such explorations have created a fervent interest among textile stakeholders to undertake the dyeing of textile fabrics, especially with fungal pigments. The biodegradable and sustainable production of natural colorants from fungal sources stand as being comparatively advantageous to synthetic dyes. 
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bone ECM Signaling
Bone mineral density, a bone matrix parameter frequently used to predict fracture risk, is not the only one to affect bone fragility. Other factors, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and microarchitecture, are of paramount relevance in this process. The bone ECM is a noncellular three-dimensional structure secreted by cells into the extracellular space, which comprises inorganic and organic compounds. The main inorganic components of the ECM are calcium-deficient apatite and trace elements, while the organic ECM consists of collagen type I and noncollagenous proteins. Bone ECM dynamically interacts with osteoblasts and osteoclasts to regulate the formation of new bone during regeneration. Thus, the composition and structure of inorganic and organic bone matrix may directly affect bone quality. Moreover, proteins that compose ECM, beyond their structural role have other crucial biological functions, thanks to their ability to bind multiple interacting partners like other ECM proteins, growth factors, signal receptors and adhesion molecules. Thus, ECM proteins provide a complex network of biochemical and physiological signals.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
New Research Topics of Asian Religions
This entry opens up a discussion on new research ideas of Asian religions for the contemporary world. 
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Oxidative stress biomarkers can be used to detect oxidative damages occurring concomitantly in many cellular structures, which may cause a deterioration of function, including apoptosis and necrosis. There is an intimate relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and functional impairment, resulting in various diseases affecting the entire human body.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Leaves
The application of natural products and supplements has expanded tremendously over the past few decades. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), which is affiliated to the Acanthaceae family, has recently caught the interest of researchers from the countries of subtropical Asia due to its medicinal uses in alternative treatment for skin infection conditions due to insect bites, microorganism infections and cancer, as well as for health well-being. A number of bioactive compounds from this plant’s extract, namely phenolic compounds, sulphur containing compounds, sulphur containing glycosides compounds, terpens-tripenoids, terpens-phytosterols and chlorophyll-related compounds possess high antioxidant activities. 
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Land-Use Impact on Soil Properties
       In urban areas, land use changes usually increases soil degradation as a consequence of surface sealing and pollution. However, in urban and peri-urban areas, there are areas occupied by agriculture and woodlands, with an essential role in provisioning food and other services to urban areas such as water and climate regulation. Land-use change have a substantial impact on soil properties and soil organic carbon stocks, especially in intensively managed soils (i.e. cropland, vineyard land use). Tillage, pesticides, and fertilizer applications were presumably the reasons for altered soil quality properties. Intensively used areas may reduce soil ecosystems services such as the capacity for flood retention and carbon sequestration.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Multimodal Affective Brain–Computer Interfaces
Multimodal affective brain-computer interfaces(aBCI) use techniques from psychological theories and methods (concepts and protocols), neuroscience (brain function and signal processing) and computer science (machine learning and human-computer interaction) to induce, measure and detect emotional states and apply the resulting information to improve interaction with machines (Mühl, C.; et al.).We assume that multimodal emotion recognition based on EEG should integrate not only EEG signals, an objective method of emotion measurement, but also a variety of peripheral physiological signals or behaviors. Compared to single patterns, multimodal emotion processing can achieve more reliable results by extracting additional information; consequently, it has attracted increasing attention. Li at el. (Li, Y.; et al.) proposed that in addition to combining different input signals, emotion recognition should include a variety of heterogeneous sensory stimuli (such as audio-visual stimulation) to induce emotions. Many studies (Huang, H.; et al.; Wang, F.; et al.) have shown that integrating heterogeneous sensory stimuli can enhance brain patterns and further improve brain–computer interface performance.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fluorinated BODIPY Dyes
The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. Compounds such as derivatives of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) typically demonstrate signal wavelengths around 500 nm and 600 nm; however, it is more favorable to see these signals closer to 700 nm to improve fluorophore applications. For this reason, recent studies described further in the text demonstrate the applications of adding fluorine-based substituents and phenyl rings to the chemical designs, thus redshifting absorption and fluorescence wavelengths.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Interaction Between Monetary and Fiscal Policies
Fiscal policy and monetary policy are the two tools used by the state to achieve its macroeconomic objectives. While for many countries the main objective of fiscal policy is to increase the aggregate output of the economy, the main objective of the monetary policies is to control the interest and inflation rates. The IS/LM model is one of the models used to depict the effect of policy interactions on aggregate output and interest rates. The fiscal policies have a direct impact on the goods market and the monetary policies have a direct impact on the asset markets; since the two markets are connected to each other via the two macrovariables output and interest rates, the policies interact while influencing output and interest rates. Traditionally, both the policy instruments were under the control of the national governments. Thus traditional analyses were made with respect to the two policy instruments to obtain the optimum policy mix of the two to achieve macroeconomic goals, lest the two policy tools be aimed at mutually inconsistent targets. But more recently, owing to the transfer of control with respect to monetary policy formulation to central banks, formation of monetary unions (like European Monetary Union formed via the Stability and Growth Pact), and attempts being made to form fiscal unions, there has been a significant structural change in the way in which fiscal and monetary policies interact. There is a dilemma as to whether these two policies are complementary, or act as substitutes to each other for achieving macroeconomic goals. Policy makers are viewed as interacting as strategic substitutes when one policy maker's expansionary (contractionary) policies are countered by another policy maker's contractionary (expansionary) policies. For example: if the fiscal authority raises taxes or cuts spending, then the monetary authority reacts to it by lowering the policy rates and vice versa. If they behave as strategic complements, then an expansionary (contractionary) policy of one authority is met by expansionary (contractionary) policies of the other. The issue of interaction and the policies being complements or substitutes for each other arises only when the authorities are independent of each other. But when the goals of one authority are made subservient to those of the other, then one authority solely dominates the policy making and no interaction worthy of analysis would arise. Also, fiscal and monetary policies interact only to the extent of influencing the final objective. So long as the objectives of one policy are not influenced by the other, there is no direct interaction between them.
  • 2.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Agouti (Gene)
The agouti gene encodes the agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals. Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). This interaction is responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the agouti. In other species such as horses, the agouti gene is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be black. Horses can either have black distributed across its body or can have black only in certain locations such as the tail, ears, mane, and the lower legs. In mice, the agouti gene determines whether the animal will be yellow or grey and brown. The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. Activation by α-MSH causes production of the darker eumelanin, while activation by ASIP causes production of the redder phaeomelanin. This means that if agouti is expressed then the phenotype will be yellow and if it's not expressed then the phenotype would be grey.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin C and Neutrophil Function
Vitamin C is known to support immune function and is accumulated by neutrophils to millimolar intracellular concentrations suggesting an important role for the vitamin in these cells.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Coverage Path Planning Methods Focusing on Energy Efficient
The coverage path planning (CPP) algorithms aim to cover the total area of interest with minimum overlapping. The goal of the CPP algorithms is to minimize the total covering path and execution time. Significant research has been done in robotics, particularly for multi-unmanned unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cooperation and energy efficiency in CPP problems.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mycotoxins in Beverages
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that contaminate food products such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, beverages, and other agricultural commodities. 
  • 2.6K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Amorphization of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
Amorphization technology has been the subject of continuous attention in the pharmaceutical industry, as a means to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Being in a high energy state, amorphous formulations generally display significantly increased apparent solubility as compared to their crystalline counterparts, which may allow them to generate a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract and in turn, improve the bioavailability. Conventionally, hydrophilic polymers have been used as carriers, in which the amorphous drugs were dispersed and stabilized to form polymeric amorphous solid dispersions. However, the technique had its limitations, some of which include the need for a large number of carriers, the tendency to recrystallize during storage, and the possibility of thermal decomposition of the drug during preparation. Therefore, emerging amorphization technologies have focused on the investigation of novel amorphous-stabilizing carriers and preparation methods that can improve the drug loading and the degree of amorphization. 
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Unconventional Reservoirs
The world’s energy demand is steadily increasing where it has now become not easy for conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs to meet levels of demand. Therefore, oil and gas companies are seeking novel ways to exploit and unlock the potential of unconventional resources. Drilling of high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) wells and shale reservoirs has become more widespread in the global petroleum and natural gas industry. There is a current need to extend robust techniques beyond costly drilling and completion jobs, with the potential for exponential expansion. This paper explains a better understanding of the selection of drilling fluids and additives for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. 
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Electrodiffusion in Neuroscience and NPP-Equations
There are two main processes governing the ionic transport, i.e., diffusion—the particle motion caused by a gradient of concentration, and migration—motion of ions caused by a gradient of electrical potential. These two processes are referred to as electrodiffusion. Electrodiffusion of electrolytes serves as a mean for communication in the nervous system. It can directly affect the excitatory transmission in the synaptic cleft. Electrodiffusion maintains the local ions concentration in brain extracellular spaces at heathy levels but may be also involved in the propagation of epileptic seizures during pathological conditions. The accurate interpretation of physiological observations requires better understanding of the underlying electrodiffusion phenomena.The description of electrodiffusion is very often performed using the Nernst–Planck–Poisson (NPP) model. It has been acknowledged that the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ion concentrations in thin dendrites and dendritic spines of nerve cells follow the Nernst–Planck equation, and sub-membrane currents in neuronal membrane have already been successfully described using the NPP model.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Apr 2021
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